Term
| What is the RDA for vitamins? |
|
Definition
| amount thought to provide needs of 98% of well children and adults) and tolerable upper level intake (max amts) |
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|
Term
| What are the FAT soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the water soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are vitamins often taken? |
|
Definition
| Vitamins often taken prophylactically-insurance |
|
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Term
| Which type of vitamin can become toxic if taken too much? |
|
Definition
Fat soluble
Fat soluable-metabolized slowly/stored in fat, liver, muscle/excreted slowly in urine
A and D toxic if taken in large doses over time |
|
|
Term
| When should vitamin administration be increased |
|
Definition
| Should be increased in those with rapid growth, pregnant or breastfeeding, debilitating illness, inadequate diets, malabsorptive issues (crohn’s) |
|
|
Term
| What is Vitamin B6? What does it cause an increase and decrease in? |
|
Definition
Pyridoxine.
Causes INCREASE in ISONIAZID
Causes DECREASE in LEVADOPA |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes a deficiency in Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)? |
|
Definition
| chronic alcoholism, poor nutritional intake, pregnancy, malabsorption syndromes |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Vitamin B9 (FA) deficiency? |
|
Definition
| anorexia, nausea, fatigue anemias |
|
|
Term
| What does a deficiency of Vitamin B9 (FA) cause in the first trimester of pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| can be at risk for neural tube defects such as Spina Bifida |
|
|
Term
| What is Vitamin B12 used in treatment for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What destroys Vitamin B12? |
|
Definition
| Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) and folic Acid may destroy Vitamin B 12 |
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|
Term
| What are the types of polyneuritis? |
|
Definition
Beriberi
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (fatigue, irratability, poor memory) |
|
|
Term
| What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| CNS disorder (impaired speech and congition) |
|
|
Term
| How is polyneuritis treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat is Polyneuritis associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is vitamin K needed for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nursing actions should be taken with Vitamin k? |
|
Definition
assess for signs of bleeding
Teach foods high in Vitamin K |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How should iron be administered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the sources of iron? |
|
Definition
| liver, legumes, leafy greens |
|
|
Term
| What is a common reaction of iron supplements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is vitamin A used for? |
|
Definition
| bone growth, maintenance of epithelial tissues, skin, eyes, hair |
|
|
Term
| What is an early sign of vitamin a deficiency? |
|
Definition
| NIGHT VISION (early sign deficiency---night blindness---may progress to blindness) |
|
|
Term
| What are the physical manifestations of vitamin a? |
|
Definition
| Night Blindness, dry skin, poor tooth development |
|
|
Term
| Is vitamin A used to treat acne? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an excess of vitamin A cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is IM vitamin a used? |
|
Definition
| use for acutely ill or with malabsorptive illness |
|
|
Term
| Where is vitamin a exerted? |
|
Definition
| Excreted in kidneys and feces |
|
|
Term
| Where is excess vitamin A stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What foods are Vitamin A found in? |
|
Definition
| milk, butter, eggs, leafy green and yellow vegetables |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of excess vitamin a? |
|
Definition
| hypervitaminosis A (hair loss, peeling skin, anorexia, abdominal pain, lethargy, NV) |
|
|
Term
| What is vitamin D used for? |
|
Definition
Promotes use of Phosporous and Calcium
regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism, calcium absorption |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 compounds of vitamin d? |
|
Definition
Vitamin D3-influenced by UV light
Vitamin D2-synthetic |
|
|
Term
| Where is vitamin d mainly excreted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the activation of vitamin D dependent on? |
|
Definition
Activation of Vitamin D dependent on serum Ca+
Excess Vitamin D may cause Hypercalcemia |
|
|
Term
| What does a deficiency in vitamin D cause? |
|
Definition
Rickets in children (abnormal shape structure and strength of the skeleton.
osteo (bone) malacia (softening) in adults |
|
|
Term
| What are the early symptoms of vitamin D toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of vitamin C? |
|
Definition
absorption of iron and conversion of folic acid
Carbohydrate metabolism, protein & lipid synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Where is vitamin C excreted? |
|
Definition
| Readily excreted in urine-excess is unchanged in urine |
|
|
Term
| What does massive doses of vitamin C cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are there benefits with megadoses? |
|
Definition
| No, they are questionable. |
|
|
Term
| What are the food sources for vitamin C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the action of B9 (FA)? |
|
Definition
| Essential for body growth (DNA) |
|
|
Term
| What does a deficiency of B9 (FA) cause in pregnancy? |
|
Definition
neural tube defects
Spina bifida, anencephaly
Supplements recommended during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of B9 deficiency? (FA) |
|
Definition
anorexia, nausea, stomatitis, diarrhea, fatigue, alopecia
Blood dyscrasias: megablastic anemia |
|
|
Term
| What is the action of vitamin B12? |
|
Definition
Essential for DNA synthesis and hemato(poesis)= formation
Aids in conversion of folic acid to active form |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B12 is an _________ ________ needed for absorption? |
|
Definition
| Intrinsic factor made by gastric parietal cells |
|
|
Term
| Is b12 excreted quickly or slowly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes a deficiency in b12? |
|
Definition
Pernicious anemia-due to lack of intrinsic factor
Malabsorptive syndromes
Use of metformin and proton pump inhibitors
PPI= omeprazole (Prilosec), lansoprazole (Prevacid) |
|
|
Term
| How is b12 given for severe deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of vitamin b12 deficiency? |
|
Definition
| numbness and tingling in extremities, weakness and fatigue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Iron
Copper
Zinc
Chromium
Selenium |
|
|
Term
| What is the action of iron? |
|
Definition
Hemoglobin regeneration
Most iron found in HGB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5-20 mg/day
50 mg/day for Hgb regeneration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Given to control iron deficiency anemia: microcytic (small), hypochromic (pale), erthyrocytes (RBC) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of anemia? |
|
Definition
| Symptoms of anemia: fatigue, SOB, pallor and if severe, GI bleeding |
|
|
Term
| What is the adverse effects of iron toxic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the onset of iron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which age group is most susceptible to iron toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the action of zinc? |
|
Definition
Essential for growth and tissue repair, wound healing
Taste and smell |
|
|
Term
| What causes a deficiency of zinc? |
|
Definition
| Long term TPN patients at risk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Involves GI tract
Given orally or by feeding tube
Depends on ability to swallow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Administration of high-caloric nutrients
Given through large vein (ie. subclavian) |
|
|
Term
| Are D5W, NS, LR forms of nutritional support? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the amount of calories needed for a day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who might need more calories? |
|
Definition
| Critically ill-3000 to 5000 cal/day-may be greater for burn pts |
|
|
Term
| What are the routes for enteral feedings? |
|
Definition
- Nasogastric
- Nasoduodenal/nasojejunal
- Jejunostomy
- Gastrostomy |
|
|
Term
| What route should be used if aspiration is an issue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What routes are used for long term enteral feedings? |
|
Definition
-Gastrostomy
-Nasoduodenal/Nasojujenal
-Jejunostomy |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of enteral solutions? |
|
Definition
Blenderized
Polymeric (milk based or lactose-free)
Elemental or monomeric |
|
|
Term
| What is a blenderized formula? |
|
Definition
| blended natural foods, formulas come ready to use |
|
|
Term
| What is a polymeric formula? |
|
Definition
Supplements for normal or near normal GI
Most commonly prescribed, tastes good, contains protein, carb, fat, vitamins, minerals
Powdered form, many isotonic, solutions offer 1 cal/ml of feeding
Characteristics of formula may be targeted for a certain disorder: diabetes, pulmonary disorders, renal |
|
|
Term
| What is an elemental/monomeric formula? |
|
Definition
partially digested, used for various gastrointestinal diseases-nutrients rapidly absorbed (more expensive)
Ie. Peptinex DT |
|
|
Term
| What are the advantages of enteral feedings over parenteral feedings? |
|
Definition
Less costly than parenteral
Lower infection rate than parenteral
Promotes effective GI integrity
Promotes hepatic function
Promotes body weight gain |
|
|
Term
| What does enteral nutrition absolutely require? |
|
Definition
| REQUIRES GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTIONING! |
|
|
Term
| What are the methods of delivery for enteral nutrition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of infusion of enteral nutrition? |
|
Definition
Intermittent drip
Continuous drip
Cyclic infusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuous feeding over 8-16 hrs /day |
|
|
Term
| Why should some patients be fed during the day? |
|
Definition
| if greater risk for aspiration or restless |
|
|
Term
| Why should some patients be fed during the night? |
|
Definition
| allows for freedom during day |
|
|
Term
| What are the complications of enteral nutrition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How should you avoid contamination with enteral feedings? |
|
Definition
| wash hands, use system with med ports (wipe with alcohol), wear non sterile gloves, dispose tubing/bag after 24 hrs, expiration date, refrigeration |
|
|
Term
| How can you prevent enteral induced diarrhea? |
|
Definition
| dilute the feeding or decrease the rate. |
|
|
Term
| How are medications given enterally? |
|
Definition
| Water added to medication before administration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Total parenteral nutrition
AKA: hyperalimentation (HA) or IV HA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Clients with severe burns
Clients with GI disorders
Clients whose GI system needs a rest
Clients with debilitating diseases (ie. metastatic cancer, AIDS) |
|
|
Term
| What is the nutrient content of TPN? |
|
Definition
| Hyperosmolar glucose, amino acids, vitamins, electrolytes, minerals, trace elements |
|
|
Term
| Does TPN meet every nutritional need? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the complications of TPN? |
|
Definition
Air embolism (prevention: Valsalva maneuver)
Pneumothorax, hemothorax
Hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia
Infection
Fluid overload |
|
|
Term
| What does fat emulsion provide? |
|
Definition
| Increased number of calories and carrier of fat soluble vitamins |
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|
