The point at which the fetus could potentially survive outside the uterus.

Generally considered to be 20 weeks gestastion.

The total number of pregnancies that a woman has had in her lifetime including a current pregnancy.

This # is irrespective to the outcome of the pregnancy.

The total number of deliveries.

Live/dead.

Past the point of viability (20 weeks)

Infant delivered past the point of viability (20 weeks)

Who at birth shows signs of life (heartbeat, respir.)

Gravida # -pregnant how many times

Para # -Delivered after viability (20 weeks)

TPAL

or

FPAL

T-term deliveries 38 weeks(twins count as one delivery)

P-pre term deliveries 37 &less(twins count as one)

A-abortions before 20 weeks(elective/spontaneous)

L-living children (twins count as 2)

1. Congenital malformations, deformities, and chromosomal abnormalities.

2. Disorders r/t short gestation and low birth wt.

3. Sudden infant death syndrome.

3 leading causes of pregancy related deaths

Maternal Mortality

1. Embolism

2. Hemorrhage

3. Pregnancy related HTN

1. Family specific habits

2. Culture specific habits

3. Economic access

4. Misinformation

Bulbous head

Glands (prepuce)

Shaft

External sac that protects the testes

Regulates temp

96 deg ideal for sperm

Rugae & Cremaster Muscle work together to regulate temp.

Folds in scrotal skin that allow for movement toward/away from the body.

Helps regulate temperature.

Works with cremaster muscle.

In scrotum

Contracts/relaxes depending on temperature

Works with Rugae in regulating temp

Internal Reproductive Organs

2 organs contained in the scrotum

Responsible for sperm production and maturation

Produce a male hormone called androgen

Surround seminiferous tubules.

Produce testosterone (hormone) and help with the maturation of sperm.

Surrounds vas deferens.

Contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue

Leads to urethra

Transports sperm out of penis during ejaculation.

1. Seminiferous Tubules

2. Rete Testis

3. Epididymis

4. Vas Deferens

5. Ejaculatory Duct

6. Urethra

Located in 1st part of urethra, closest to bladder.

Contracts during ejaculation

Also secretes alkaline fluid.

Enhancement of sperm motility (lubrication)

Nourishment of sperm (fructose)

Protect sperm - neutralize acidic pH of vagina

From the Anterior Pituitary

-FSH Follicle Stimulating Hormone for sperm production

-ICSH Interstitial Cell Stimulation Hormone for testosterone production

From interstitial Cells

Testosterone

-it assists in sperm maturation and secondary sex characteristics (deepening of voice, facial & body hair)

Female external genitalia

• mons pubis
• labia majora/labia minora
• clitoris
• vestibule
• perineum

Part of vulva

Fatty pad located at top of symphis pubis

Protects boney pelvis during intercourse

Part of the vulva

Folds of soft tissue that extend from mons pubis to perineum.

Secrete oil and sweat for lubrication during intercourse.

Part of the vulva

Bundle of dense nerves

Erectile tissue located at apex of labia minora.

Provides sexual pleasure during intercouse (hehe)

Part of the vulva

Area between labia minora

Contains urethera meatus, parauretheral/skene's glands, vaginal opening, and bartholin's glands

Secrete fluids and moisten vagina and raise ph

part of the vulva

fibrous and muscular tissue

posterior labia minora to anus

Internal female genitalia

also known as the birth canal

muscular tube that leads from the vulva to uterus

folds 

Stretching of vagina during sex and giving birth

Internal female genitalia

b/w bladder and rectum

held in place  by broad ligaments

hollow muscle in 4 sections

Section of uterus

connects vagina and uterus

Section of the uterus

Lower portion of the uterus

Thinnest portion, most likely to rupture during labor**

Section of uterus

Main body of uterus, 3 layers

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

Layer of the corpus

Outer supportive connective tissue

Layer of corpus

Middle muscle layer

Strong contractions during labor

Layer of the corpus

highly vascular inner layer

Changes in response to hormones

Sheds when having period

Section of uterus

Top portion of uterus

Also has 3 layers

Tiny bilateral ducts composed of muscular tissue

Extend from uterus near the fundus to the ovaries.

Have fimbria and ampulla

Fingerlike structures

They ungulate 

Draws egg up into fallopian tube

once egg is in tube muscular contraction and cilia move egg

Middle portion of the fallopian tube

**fertilization is most likely to occur

If fertilization occurs the tubes secrete lipids and glycogen to nourish the egg as it proceeds to the uterus.

2 sex glands located on either side of the uterus

Stores immature eggs and produces mature eggs

regulates menstrual cycle by secreting estrogen and progesterone

Capable of reproduction

happens b/w 10-14 years old

Sex organs mature

Secondary sex charesteristics (breats, facial hair, deepening of voice)

Menarche (1st period)

1st period

Shedding of blood and tissue from the uterus.

Shedding of the endomedtrium

Duration 4-6 days

Avg cycle 28 days

Volume loss 25-60ml

Great variations b/w women

Cyclic changes occur in response to 2 anterior pituitary homones.

Follicle stimulating hormone & lutenizing hormone

Follicular Phase day 1-14

Ovulation day 14

Luteal phase day 15-28

Day 1-14 (precedes ovulation)

Anterior Pituitary secretes high levels of FSH causing ovarian follicle to develop.

Developing follicle produces estrogen which causes the follicle to mature.

Pituitary detects high levels of estrogen and releases a surge of lutenizing hormone.

On day 14 the surge causes the follice to burst and releases the mature egg.

Day 14 when the ovarian follicle bursts and releases the mature egg into the abdominal cavity.

The egg is then drawn into the fimbriae of the fallopian tubes.

Day 15-28

Begins once ovulation has occurred.

LH levels remain high and the empty ovarian follicle turns into a yellow body called the corpus luteum.

The corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone which will support a pregnancy if fertilization occrus. It remains in place.

If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum begins to degenerate, and the falling levels of estrogen and progesterone lead to the shedding of the uterine lining.

During menses - no mucous production

After menses - mucous is thick and opaque

As ovulation draws near - thin, clear, lubricative

Peak of fertility - stretchy and distensible (Spinnbarkheit)

Reproductive capability ends

Ovary function decreases

Menstrual cycle end

Avg age 47-55

Clinical Breast Exam - 20-30 every 3 years

Mammogram & Clinical Breast Exam - 40 &up every year

Pap Smear & pelvic exam - initial 3 years after first sexual intercouse or by 21. Annually in woman under 30.

Pap smear - Healthy 30 year old ever 2-3 years

Vulvar Self Exam - 18 & sexually active monthly self exams. 

Absence of menstruation (primary or secondary)

Cessation after they already started

Most common cause pregnancy

Heavy or prolonged bleeding which over time can lead to anemia

(hormone dysfunction, fibroids, polyps)

Painful menses (primary/secondary)

Primary - cannot be contributed to disease. Usually d/t prostaglandin increase cramping, decrease bloodflow to uterus.

TX: NSAIDS, birthcontrol

Syndrome occurring in last half of menstrual cycle. Strict diagnostic guidlelines.

Severe enough to affect ADLs.

TX: Mild diuretics, NSAIDs, exercise, antianxiety, reduce alcohol, caffience, salt

Growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus

Can cause bleeding, inflammation and scarring can form b/w organs.

Leading causes of infertility and chronic pelvic pain

Benign estrogen-responsive tumors of the uterine wall.

Often go away with menopause.

Can causes pain and irregular bleeding.

illness caused by exotoxin of staph aureaus.

can be caused by bacterial growth of things insterted into vagina i.e tampons, sponges...etc

Fever of 102 or higher

Abdominal pain

Decrease in BP

Diarrhea, H/A

Sore throat, mucuous membranes turn bright red

Muscle aches, sunburn like rash

Hospitilization (usually ICU)

IV fluids and antibiotics

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

PID

general term used to describe any inflammation of the female reproductive tract.

Usually caused by untreated chlamydia and gonorrhea.

Can be asymptomatic

lower pelvic pain, fever, unusual vaginal discharge (foul smelling), painful urination & intercourse, irregular bleeding

Antibiotics

Prevent high risk behavior

Use condoms

Do not douche

TX sexual partner too!

Scarring, ectopic pregnancies (occurs in fallopian tubes)

Chronic pelvic pain

Sexual active woman in child bearing years.

Having multiple partners

Women who douche or use IUD

Cystocele, Rectocele, Enterocele, uterine prolapse.

Caused by damage to the pelvic floor. Can be prevented with kegel exercises. They help strengthen the floor and tone.

Faschia, ligaments, and muscle becomes stretched and weak. Causes organs to drop down and protrude through vaginal wall.

These are very common in elderly and people with multiple children.

pregnancy, vaginal birth, aging, obesity, frequent straining, heavy lifting, injury to pelvic floor.

Kegel exercises help strengthen floor and tone.

Abstinence-No sex, 100% effective

Very effective-hormonal methods (pills/injection), IUD, sterilization (vasectomy, tubiligation)

Less Effective-barrier methods (condoms), coitus interuptus (pull out), calendar method

They should begin taking prenatal vitamins and folic acid.

Quit smoking/drinking

Seek prenatal care

All cells in the body EXCEPT sperm and eggs.

Contain 46 chromosomes. 23 mom & 23 dad.

Found in reproductive glands ONLY!

Sperm or eggs.

23 chromosomes

Soma Cell production and replacement.

Process by which body grows.

Sex cell division.

Cuts # of chromosomes in half!

Joining of the sperm and egg.

Results in 46 chromosomes.

Occurs usually in the ampulla.

Outer layer of the ovum.

Sperm has enzymes, which dissolve outer layer.

A single sperm enters the egg and a chemical reaction takes place so NO other sperm can enter.

Then becomes a zygote as a result of fertilization.

It has 46 chromosomes. 23 pairs. 

Have X type chromosome.

Sperm can contribute x (female) or y (male)

pre-embryonic

Embryonic

fetal stage

begins at fertilization to end of 2nd week.

Zygote divides via mitosis to form ball of cells.

On the 6th day ball of cells burrow into lining of uterus (endometrium)

Stimulates bloodflow and placenta begins to develop.

end of 2nd week to end of 8th week.

End of 8th week embryo has human recognizable form and basic organ structures

end of 8th week to birth

referred to as a fetus

characterized by maturing of existing organ structures

bag of water that the baby is inside of.

Consists of amnion & chorion.

membrane is made up of thick fibrous material.

purpose is to contain anmiotic fluid and to provide protection to developing fetus.

Layer that is closest to fetus.

Filled with amniotic fluid.

Layer that surrounds amnion.

Outer.

Acts as cushion, protects, constant temp around fetus (thermoregulation), facilitates movement.

Composed of maternal blood, fetal urine, secretions from fetal respiratory tract (ideally clear, colorless, odorless)

produced by fetal membranes within amniotic cavity.

aids in unrestricted movement and symmetrical growth.

fluid source for baby

Organ that sustains and nourishes pregnancy.

provides for transfer of waste and nutritive substances b/w mother & baby.

Filtering of substances from maternal blood

Production of hormones to sustain pregnancy.

-Progesterone, estrogen, HCG (pregnancy tests are sensitive too)

Baby with oxygen, water, electrolytes, vitamins, glucose, and maternal antibodies.

Baby sends out carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, urea, and uric acid into maternal circulation.

if placenta gets damaged there's less exchange. Intrauterine growth retardation can happen. Baby growth is restricted.

-smoking, drugs, pregnancy induced HTN, chronic HTN can cause

Extends from umbilicus to fetal surface of placenta.

2 arteries bring deoxygenated blood to fetus to placenta.

1 vein bring oxygenated blood to baby from placenta.

Covered in wharton's jelly. Clear getalin substance. Prevents compression of cord.

oxygenate own blood.

It's dependent on maternal circulation for oxygen!

Fetal Circulation

(this was a tricky card to make...I tried my best!)

umbilical vein brings oxygenated blood from placenta to fetal abdomen.

It divides into two branches. One branch takes blood to fetal liver. The other branch shunts oxygenated rich blood away from liver into inferior vena cava. (Ductus venosus)

From the inferior vena cava oxygenated & deoxygenated blood mix and empty in the R atrium.

From the R atrium most blood is shunted by way of foramen ovale into L atrium and out into the brain and rest of the body.

Ductus Arteriosis shunts a small amount of blood to the lungs for nourishment. Links pulmonary artery to aorta.

*occurs because fetal lungs are not oxygenating circulation. At birth physiological change occurs.

Shunts blood past liver

Into inferior vena cava

Connects right and left atrium.

How most blood is shunted from the Right atrium to the left.

substances that interfere with viability of sperm and prevent sperm from entering cervix

Contraindicated with vaginal tissue irritation.

Low effectiveness & aesthically unpleasant.

Avaliable without prescription & no serious side effects

Must be applied 30 min before intercourse & reapplied before subsequent coitus.