Term
|
Definition
- monomer unit of protein
- 20-22 a.a. in eukaryotes
- 9 are essential (diet)
- C,H,O,N, S, P
- variable R-group (distinct for each a.a.) |
|
|
Term
| Bonding and joining of Amino Acids |
|
Definition
- condensation polymerisation reaction to join 2 together
- peptide bond links 2 (peptide bonds are covalent bonds specific to a.a) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. (Peptide): A.A
*more than one*
2. Peptide/dipeptide
*more than two*
3. Polypeptide
4. Protein (funtional) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- amino acid sequence of the peptide
- amino acids bound together by peptide bonds
(Sequence here determines function of protein; DNA determines sequence of a.a.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- dependent on the primary structure
- hydrogen bonds that form between individual a.a. cause the peptide
- alpha helices, beta pleated sheets & random coils form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- dependent on the secondary structure
- relationship between the alpha helices, beta sheets, coils to form a functional peptide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
more than one tertiary structure come together to make a fully functional structure through hydrogen/ionic bonds
- e.g. haemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- used to regulate cellular uptake of glucose from blood
- circulates through the blood |
|
|
Term
Activation of insulin
- synthesis, enzymes |
|
Definition
Synth. in an inactive form - proinsulin
activated by a seriers of enzymes (post-translational modification)
- held together by 3 disulfide bonds |
|
|
Term
Activation of insulin
- mature insulin, proinsulin |
|
Definition
- mature insulin has 35 fewer a.a.
- proinsulin is inactive as it won't fit into the receptive areas of the cell - parts are removed for maturing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- inheritable genetic material
- codes for proteins (sequence of bases)
- double stranded (H-bonds and N-bonds)
- double helix - interactions between hydroxide groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Thymine/Uracil and Cytosine (pyramidine)
- Adenine and Guanine (purine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MESSENGER RNA
- carries genetic material to ribosomes for protein synthesis - in nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RIBOSOMAL RNA
- makes a ribosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
TRANSFER RNA
- assists in protein synthesis by transferring a.a. (taken from cytosol) to the ribosomes - in cytosol |
|
|
Term
Catabolic reactions
- relating to molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Anabolic reactions
- relating to molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exergonic reactions
- relating to energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Endergonic reactions
- relating to energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- anabolic reaction (built up)
- endergonic reaction (energy expended in bonds) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- protein filament (linear) makes cells the shape they are
- strength, support, shape and movement
- internal framework of proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- cytoskeleton elements with largest dimaeter
- role in mytotic spindle - cell structure - transport
a.a. --> Tubulin --> Protein --> mictrotuble |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- cytoskelton with smallest diameter
- flexible and strong
a.a --> protein --> actin --> microfilament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- polymers of various proteins
- link into the cytoskelton of other animal cells, forming junctions e.g. keratin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- connect animal cells to each other
- occluding junctions
- communicating junctions
- anchoring junctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- membrances come into tight contact
- proteins from each cell attach
- nothing, not even fluids can pass |
|
|
Term
| Occluding junction (image) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- gap junctions
- protein linked pores
- enable passage of small molecules (salt ions, sugars, a.a., electrical signals)
- can open and close to allow minerals through |
|
|
Term
| Communicating junctions (image) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- desmosomes (collection/complex of anchoring junctions)
- only purpose is to connect cells - cell can't communicate through these - otherwise cells wouldn't hold together |
|
|
Term
| Anchoring junctions (image) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plant cells connections - plasmodesma |
|
Definition
- cell walls held togehter by pectin
- junctions exist to connect plant cell walls
plasmodesmata - plural and acts as gap, occluding and anchoring junctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- energy conversion (light to chemical in the form of glucose)
- cells that contain chlorophyll when light is available |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LIGHT DEPENDENT STAGE (grana; stack of membranous sacs stacked on top of each other- one section is a granum, stack = thykaloid) |
|
Definition
- light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll in the thylakoid membranes of the grana (stacks)
- water is split into hydrogen ions and O2
- O2 gas is released
- H+ ions are made available (picked up by NADP)
- some ATP is formed |
|
|
Term
| LIGHT INDEPENDENT STAGE (stroma; semi-fluid substance) |
|
Definition
- carrier molecules brings H+
- ATP is used
- Carbon reduction occurs as CO2 is converted to sugar (H+ is added)
- occurs in the stroma |
|
|
Term
| Photosynthesis : Light dependent and light independent stages image |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- glucose --> ATP
- small amounts of energy are GRADUALLY released in the form of ATP
(approx. 50% of the energy in an ATP molecule is lost as heat) |
|
|
Term
| Cellular Respiration Equation |
|
Definition
|
|
