Created the first taxonomic system

System was flawed

• Father of modern taxonomy 
• Corrected Aristotle's system of taxonomy 
• Created binomial nomenclature
• Used morphological characteristics for classification
• This is what we use today

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Plantae
5. Animalia

• Bacteria - P U H
• Blue-Green Bacteria - P U,C A

Protozoa - E U H

Algae - E U,C A

Seaweeds - E M A

Mushrooms - E M H

Yeasts - E U H

Mosses, Liverworts, Ferns, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

E M A

Sponges, Cnideria, Worms, Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms, Chordates

E M H

4.5 BYA - Earth forms

4.0-3.0 BYA - Origin of life

3.5 BYA - Oldest prokaryotic organisms

1.5 BYA - Earliest eukaryotic organisms

0.5 BYA - earliest animals

1862

disproves "spontaneous generation"
(tadpoles appearing in puddles)

1920

theorized about the early atmosphere during the time life arose. Early atmosphere consisted of water vapor (H2O), hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), and ammonia (NH3), but no molecular oxygen (O2). This represented an atmosphere that contained not only the four essential elements in biochemistry (C, N, H, and O₂), but was also a "reducing atmosphere" that would favor the formation of more complex molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) necessary to form the first cells.

1953

Conducted an expermient that proved Oparin's reducing atmosphere WAS conductive to the formation of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids

1. Atsmosphere must contain C, H, O_2, and N
2. Large molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) must form from smaller compounds in atmosphere and primitive sea
3. Cell membranes must form from those large molecules
4. Genetic machinery must be installed to control replication and other cell functions
5. Eukaryotic cells must form from prokaryotic cells

Coacervates - First cells had lipid- based membranes (proposed by Oparin)

Microspheres - first cells had protein-based membranes (proposed by Sidney Fox)

Short strands of RNA most likely served as the first genes capable of replicating themselves. Certain proteins may have served as enzymes catalyzing the replication process, and the relationship between nucleic acids and proteins began. DNA would have formed much later to contain the genetic code, and to complete what we now think of as the "normal" genetic sequence in which DNA is transcribed into RNA, and RNA is then translated into a protein.

Prokaryotic cells preceded eukaryotic cells. The present structure of the eukaryotic cell was formed by enfolding the cell membrane. The mitochondria and the chloroplasts present in cells evolved from a bacteria-like organism (mitochondrion) and an alga-like organism (chloroplast) that invaded early cells and developed a favorable (mutualistic) association.

Cenozoic - 6.5 MYA - present

Mesozoic - 248 - 65 MYA 

Paleozoic - 590 - 248 MYA

Pre Cambrian - 4.6 BYA - 590 MYA

Genome - consists of either double stranded or single stranded RNA or DNA

Capsid - Protein coat that encompasses this genome

Envelopes - Membraneous structures associated with some capsids.

Lytic cycle

Lysogenic cycle

ss RNA Viruses

A. picomavirus - poliovirus, rhinovirus (cold)

B. togaviruses - rubella, yellow fever, encephalitis

C. rhabdovirus - rabies

D. paramyxoviruses - measles, mumps

E. orthomyxoviruses – influenza

F. ebola

 G. retroviruses - AIDS, RNA tumor viruses

A. Papilloma Virus - Warts, cervical cancer

B. Herpesvirus - Herpes Simplex I (cold sores), Herpes Simplex II (genital herpes), varicella zoster (Chicken Pox, Shingles), Epsteinn-Barr virus (mono, Burkitt's Lymphoma)

C. Poxvirus- smallpox, cowpox

Bovine Spongiform 

"Mad Cow Disease"

Found in England, 1980's

Basically Kuru for cows