Term
| What are the most damaging brood diseases to honeybees? |
|
Definition
American foulbrood
European foulbood
Chalkbrood
nosema disease |
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Term
| American foulbrood is caused by ______, a ____ -forming, gram __ bacteria |
|
Definition
paenibacillus larvae
spore forming
gram + |
|
|
Term
| How is paenicillus larvae transmitted? |
|
Definition
-drifting/robbing of bees
-queen + workers in queen cage carry spores
-moving combs between hives
-feeding contaminated honey/pollen |
|
|
Term
| How does american foulbrood disease develop? |
|
Definition
-worker bees infect young larvae
-bacterium enters haemolymph leading to septicemia
-death |
|
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Term
| Scattered brood pattern, greasy cappings with perforations, and dead yellow/brown larvae upright in capped cells are signs of what disease? |
|
Definition
american foulbrood
OR
paenibacillus larvae |
|
|
Term
| How is american foulbrood diagnosed? |
|
Definition
insert toothpick into suspected cell, if stringy substance >1" comes out, considered infected
look for P. larvae under microscope |
|
|
Term
True or False
paenibacillus larvae is a reportable disease |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| How can american foulbrood be prevented? (3) |
|
Definition
oxytetracyline
tylosin antibiotics
breed for hygienic queen bees, produce bees resistant to AFB
*must stop 4wks before honey flow* |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of healthy brood? |
|
Definition
compact brood
most cells capped
white larvae |
|
|
Term
| What do antibiotics do for AFB? |
|
Definition
| target vegetative bacterium, but not the spores |
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Term
| What are the differences between AFB and EFB? |
|
Definition
AFB
-old larvae & pupae decay
-larvae upright in cell
-cell sunken, greasey, perforated
-smells like rotting fish
-leave scale stuck to cell floor
EFB
- young larvae & pupae decay
-larvae coiled in uncapped cell
-smell sour like vinegar
-scale easily removed from bottom of cell |
|
|
Term
True or False
With EFB, equipment does not need to be sterilized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is EFB treated or prevented? |
|
Definition
-can treat with antibiotics because bacteria does not sporulate
-keep hygienic bees & strong colonies to prevent |
|
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Term
| A negative toothpick test is a sign of... |
|
Definition
EFB
Melisococcus plutonius |
|
|
Term
| What organism causes european foulbrood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| robbing/drifting bees, infected queens & workers in queen cages being transferred, switching comb between colonies, feeding infected pollen or honey |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of EFB? |
|
Definition
-scattered brood
-coiled larvae in uncapped cells
-larvae turn beige-yellow-brown
-smells like sour vinegar
-dried scale easily removed from cell |
|
|
Term
| Smell of sour vinegar in brood is a sign of what bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is a contagious fungal disease which causes young larvae and pupae to harden and die |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organisms causes chalkbrood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is ascosphaera apis a fungal or bacterial disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is ascosphaera apis transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does ascosphaerosis develop? |
|
Definition
-larva infected at 3-4 days old
-A. apis germinates in hindgut
-mycelia develop, pierce tissues
-larva becomes mummified |
|
|
Term
| What might predispose a hive to ascosphaerosis |
|
Definition
Stress
-chilling temperatures
-misuse of antibiotics
-weak colonies
-moisture
-poor ventilation |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of ascosphaerosis |
|
Definition
-mummified larvae
-will rattle when comb is shaken |
|
|
Term
| Controlling ascosphaerosis |
|
Definition
-provide young queens with combs of healthy brood
-tip hives forward so moisture draws out
-keep entrances open for good ventilation
-stop using antibiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RNA virus Morator aetatulas |
|
|
Term
| How is morator aetatulas transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does sacbrood develop? |
|
Definition
infected queen lays infected eggs OR larvae are infected while being fed
-larvae can't moult properly, will die inside their skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-larvae dead inside their skin
-head is hardened and dark |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-provide combs of healthy brood
-use queens from hygienic stock |
|
|
Term
| What are the most damaging diseases to adult bees? |
|
Definition
nosema
deformed wing
paralysis
other virosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nosema apis or nosema ceranae |
|
|
Term
| T/F nosema is easily treated with disinfectants |
|
Definition
| false, spores are resistant to disinfectants |
|
|
Term
| Is nosema a fungus, virus or bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does nosema apis / ceranae infect and develop disease in bees? |
|
Definition
-young workers clean feces from cells, ingest nosema spores
-spores germinate in midgut, multiply in epithelial cells
-prevent digestion & absorption of nutrients
-queens may also have parasites in hypopharyngeal glands or ovaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-crawling bees
-dwindling population
-bees with wings open
-dark hairless thorax
-feces at entrance or on top of frames
-dead bees at entrance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-examine abdomen under microscope
-count spores to determine infection level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-remove old combs, disinfect with acetic acid
-feed sugar syrup w/ fumigillin antibiotic |
|
|
Term
| What causes deformed wing disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is deformed wing disease spread? |
|
Definition
horizontally: through wounds from varroa/tracheal mites
vertically: from queen to eggs
-more serious when mites are present bc they act as vectors, and the virus can replicate in the mites |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of deformed wing disease |
|
Definition
| small discoloured bees with absent or deformed wings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immunological/molecular tests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
requeen affected colonies
control mite infestations |
|
|
Term
| What causes paralaysis? (4) |
|
Definition
chronic bee virus
acute bee virus
israeli bee virus
kashmir bee virus |
|
|
Term
| How is paralysis transmitted? |
|
Definition
horizontally: food, mite wounds
vertically: queen to eggs |
|
|
Term
| What predisposes a colony to paralysis? |
|
Definition
hereditary factors
inbreeding |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of paralysis syndrome |
|
Definition
trembling bees
open wings
crawling at entrance
hairless back syndrome
healthy workers might attack affected bees |
|
|
Term
| How can you control paralysis syndrome |
|
Definition
requeening
control mite infestations |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of winter deaths in ON are linked with varroa mites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are mites so damaging to apis mellifera? |
|
Definition
| north american honeybee is only recently being affected by parasitic mites, whereas apis cerana has had hundreds of years to develop defense mechanisms |
|
|
Term
| What is the main health problem for honey bee colonies worldwide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are varroa mites transmitted? |
|
Definition
| swarms, robbing, drifting bees, comb exchange |
|
|
Term
| Life cycle of varroa mite |
|
Definition
-adult reproduce in brood cells
-female mite enters cell with 5d larva, immerses in food beneath larva to avoid nurse bees
-after cell is capped mite moves onto larval body, feeds on haemolymph
-lays eggs afteer 60h
-eggs hatch, males & females develop and mate, mated females will leave cell when bee emerges, males die |
|
|
Term
| Why do varroa mites prefer drone brood cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
smaller, deformed, sometimes wingless bees
associated with DWV, paralysis, AFB etc
colony will likely die over the winter |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis of varroa mites |
|
Definition
Ether-Roll Assay
-put bees in jar with ether fluid, mites will get stuck on wall of jar
Sticky Boards
-place on bottom boards of hives, can monitor mite fall to get an idea of infestation level |
|
|
Term
| What is the economic threshold level for varroa mites? When is it most important to monitor? |
|
Definition
6-12 mites falling per day
April & August |
|
|
Term
| How can varroa mites be controlled? |
|
Definition
acaricides (natural or synthetic)
hygiencic bees may help provide more resistance (but chemical treatment always reqd) |
|
|
Term
| How are tracheal mites transmitted? |
|
Definition
| swarms, robbing, drifting bees, comb exchange |
|
|
Term
| Life cycle of tracheal mite |
|
Definition
-females enter pro thoracic trachae of bees <5d old
-pierce trachea, suck haemolymph
-females lay eggs in trachea, will develop into males/females & mate
-leave trachea and look for new host |
|
|
Term
True or False
Tracheal mites reduce the lifespan of bees |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are infestation levels of tracheal mites highest? |
|
Definition
| fall & winter (bees are in closer contact with each other, will transmit more readily) |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of tracheal mites |
|
Definition
-dwindling crawling bees
-dead bees at hive entrance
-bees with wings open like trying to fly
-dark hairless thorax
-feces at hive entrance |
|
|
Term
| How are tracheal mites diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| microscopic analysis of trachea |
|
|
Term
True or False
The best indicator of the presence of mites is analysis of symptoms |
|
Definition
False
similar to those observed in cases of nosema disease and in some cases those of paralysis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the proper term for tracheal mites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can ascarapis woodi be controlled? |
|
Definition
formic acid on top of bars of brood chamber
HBTM resistant bees |
|
|
Term
| Is ascarapis woodi a significant problem in NA? |
|
Definition
no, HBTM resistant breeding programs means <2% are affected in north america
Only a problem if infestation levels >30% |
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