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| fueled optimistic hopes of adventure. Printing presses spread knowledge and the compass enabled sea travel. |
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| italian seafarer that headed westward with 3 ships. He ran into an island in the Bahamas, which spread news of new continents |
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| international commerce. The new world gave the old world gold, silver, tobacco, chocolate, corn, and tomatoes. The old world gave the new world diseases, pigs, cows, rice, and coffee. Africans offered slave labor. |
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| Spanish conquerors that colonized land, and married Indian women. Encomienda-allowed government to give Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise of Christian conversion. |
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| Henry VII broke with Roman Catholic Church in 1530s, Catholics battled Protestants for religious power. Elizabeth took the throne and Protestantism became dominant in England. |
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| Sir Walter Raleigh tried to start a colony here in 1585, but, after several starts, disappeared. |
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| an invasion of England started in 1588. Spanish lost, beginning their downfall. It also helped ensure Englands naval dominance in the North Atlantic, and their mastery of the oceans. |
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| economic depression hit in 1500s. people were unemployed and became beggers. Only the oldest sons could inherit property |
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| Certificates of ownership are issued by the company in return for each financial contribution, and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others. |
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| Charter of Virginia Company |
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| it guaranteed to overseas settlers the same rights of Englishmen. Purposes of establishing settlements on the coast of North America. |
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| english settlers settled John Smith-saved Virginia from collapse by whipping the colonists into line. You can eat if you don’t work |
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| arrived in 1610. Declared war using Irish tactics against Indians in Jamestown=Anglo-Powhatan War. |
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| , disorganization, disposability. |
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| In Virginia, people craved land in order to plant tobacco. It ruined the soil after several years, and “enchained” Virginia’s profits |
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| -1619-the first African slaves were dropped off in Jamestown, which began the North American slave system. |
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| The London company’s organized assembly made of settlers. It was the first miniature parliament to flourish in America. |
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| How did virginia first become a royal colony |
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| 1624)-James I was against tobacco and the House of Burgesses and revoked the charter of the Virginia Company |
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| Catholics of Maryland threw their supported these acts. They made religious toleration acceptable and a law. |
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| Sugar and the West Indies |
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| the indies’s exonomy was based around Sugar. It was a tedious crop which required great skill and an abundance of land. Thus, they needed slaves. |
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| during the period when Charles I and the Puritan Cromwell were disputing, colonization was at a standstill. However, the Restoration period began when Charles II took over and royal involvement and empire building began intensely Carolina. |
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| people came from Barbados, and brought along with them the slave system. The Africans had agricultural skill and a resistance to disease. |
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| a group of ragtag poverty stricken outcasts and religious dissenters who were irreligious and welcomed pirates. They resisted authority |
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| -land in the hands of the elite |
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| this man elaborated the ideas of Martin Luther which affected the thought and character of generations of Americans. God was strong and good, humans were weak and bad. Since birth, the elect had been destined for eternal bliss, others for torment. Doubts about eternal life |
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| dedicated puritans who vowed to break away from the Church of England. Dedicated extremists |
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| an agreement signed by the Pilgrim leaders as an agreement upon a crude government and submit to the will of the majority under the set regulations. It promised genuine self-government. |
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| a pilgrim leader who was chosen as governor. |
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| Massachusetts Bay Colony- |
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| founded in 1629 by non-Separatist Puritans, fearing faith and England’s future. |
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| 70,000 refuges left England. They were attracted to the warm and fertile Indies. |
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| the colony’s first governor. ‘city upon a hill’- Massachusetts settlers had a covenant with God-build a holy society in order to be a model for humankind. |
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| unchurched men couldn’t vote, women could vote in provincial elections. All male land owners enjoyed voting on local issues by show of hands. |
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| he thought that the commons were mean and that democracy was the “meanest and worst.” The purpose of a government was to enforce God’s laws. |
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| a member of the clergy. He defended the governments right to enforce religious rules. |
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| serious commitment to work and engagement in wordly pursuits. |
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| stated that holy life wasn’t an assured sign of salvation. The saved didt need to obey the law of God nor man. |
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| against the law. the idea that members of a particular religious group are under no obligation to obey the laws of ethics or morality, and that "Salvation" is by predestination only. |
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| a Salem minister with radical ideas. He hounded clergymen to make a clean break with the Church, challenged the legality of the Bay Colony;s cherter, and deied the authority of civil government to regulate religious behavior. |
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| Where Williams built a religiously tolerant Baptist church. More liberal than any other colony. Freedom of opportunity. Soon became individualistic and independent. |
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| Fundamental Orders of Connecticut |
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| a modern constitution which established a regime democratically controlled by the citizens |
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| 1637-English settlers and the Indians got in a war. English & Indian allies set fire to the Indian wigwams. |
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| 1675-Metacom, King Philip in English, attacked 52 puritan towns and 100 colonists died. It slowed the westward immigration of English settlement in New England. |
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| New England Confederation |
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| 1643-four colonies banded together (2 Massachusetts and 2 Connecticut) to defend themselves against foes, and catch each others runaways. It was kind of a strictly Puritan club. First step towards colony unity. |
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| England paid little attention to colonies during early years. |
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| Domination of New England |
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| 1686-imposed from London, embracing all new England and later included New York and West Jersey. It aimed to bolster colonial defense during war with Indians, as well as to promote efficiency in the English Navigation Laws. |
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| 1688-89-dethroned Catholic James II and enthroned the Protestant rulers of the Netherlands-William II and Mary |
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| -when the new monarchs relaxed the royal grip on colonial trade and weakly enforced the navigation laws |
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| New Netherland/Amsterdam-NN |
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| was located in the Hudson River area and established in 1623 on a permanent basis, but was first used to make a quick profit fur trade. NA (New York City) company town run by/for Dutch company for stockholders. They had no religious toleration, free speech, or democratic practices. Became aristocratic and attracted a cosmopolitan population. |
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| New Amsterdam became new York. It was in the middle of the mainland colonies. A monopolistic land policy and lordly atmosphere was created. |
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| in 1681 he started a colony named Pennsylvania, in hopes to experiment with liberal ideas in government, establish an asylum for Quakers, and make a profit. |
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| dissenters. They were offensive to the authorities, and refused to pay taxes to the Church of England. They were a people of deep conviction. They wanted religious and civic freedom. |
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| dissenters. They were offensive to the authorities, and refused to pay taxes to the Church of England. They were a people of deep conviction. They wanted religious and civic freedom. |
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| New York and New Jersey-b/c of heavy grain exports. |
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| New York, New Jersey, Delaware Pennsylvania. The soil was fertile, and population more ethnically mixed. |
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| used by Maryland and Virginia in order to encourage workers/servants to come. Whoever paid the passage of a laborer received the right to fifty acres of land. |
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| 1676-indentured servants were frustrated by not being given land, and nonexistent single women. |
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| 1680s-rising wages in England=better life there=no more servants for colonies. In 1698, Royal African Company lost its crown granted monopoly on carrying slaves to colonies=Americans rushed to cash in on slave trade=slaves increased in number. |
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| made blacks and their children property for life of masters. No conversion, no reading. Racial discrimination molded the American slave system, as opposed to its initial economic intention |
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| slave rebellion in 1712-stopped by local militia. |
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| a farmer who cultivates his own land |
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| The people were remarkably fertile, even if the soil was not” early marriage encouraged the booming birthrate. |
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| women gave up property rights in New England when they married. However, in the south, since men died young, widows got the right to inherit their husband’s estates. |
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| Massachusetts Puritans established Harvard College in 1636. Then, in 1639, Virginians established William and Mary. |
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| Religion and democracy for puritans |
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| Puritans ran their own churches and democracy in Congregational Church government led to a democracy in political government. |
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| modified the covenant (agreement between church and its adherents to admit to baptism but not full communion. It weakened the distinction between the elect and others=not as much spiritual purity. |
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| Geography and new England |
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| glaciated soil was strewn with stones-forced to the surface after a winter freeze. The grudging land left colonial new England less ethnically mixed (nobody wanted to come to a place so stony) Hot summers coled winters- I don’t wanna come. Soil and climate encouraged a diversified agriculture and industry. |
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| -experts in shipbuilding and commerce. “Calvinism, soil and climate made for energy, purposefulness, sternness, stubbornness, self-reliance, resourcefulness” |
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| self-reliance of early colonial settlers of New England, United States. It describes an attitude of make-do with materials on hand. |
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| Scots Irsish led an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764, protesting the Quaker oligarchy’s lenient policy towards the Indians. A few of these people joined the American Revolutionists. |
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| the various immigrant groups mingled and intermarried, they laid the foundations for a new, multicultural American national identity unlike anything else. “roosting regally atop the social ladder, these elites now feathered their nests more finely” |
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| brought sugar and tobacco to England, rum and textiles to Africa, and slaves to America. |
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| -americans demanded more and more British products, however, the British population early rached the saturation point for taking imports from Aerica. Since they couldn sell their goods, they sought other markets. |
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| mean to ruin North American trade with the French West Indies=they smuggled stuff |
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| another cradle of democracy. Attractions up along the main routes of travel. |
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| one of the two established (taxed supported) churches in 1775. The Church of England (Anglicans) became the official faith in Georgia, North and South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and a part of new York. It served as a major prop of kingly authority. it clung to a faith that was less fierce and more worldly than the religion of Puritanical New England. |
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| grew out of the Puritai church |
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| -1730-40. It swept through the colonies like a fire through prairie grass. people began to say that we aren’t all damned. A rousing religious revival, it was first ignited in Massachusetts by Jonathan Edwards. The folly of believing in salvation through good works and God’s grace. |
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| Sinners in the hands of an Angry God”- |
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| ”-hell was paved with the skulls of unbaptized children. |
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| people wanted other people to be able to read the Bible, in order to make good Christians rather than good citizens. “Churches would wither if a new crop of ministers was not trained to lead the spiritual flocks” |
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| contained brief sayings from the thinkers of the ages. It emphasized the homespun virtues as thrift, industry, morality, and common sense. |
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| a newspaper printer. His newspaper assailed the corrupt royal governor. After much arguing, he was dubbed not guilty. This was a banner achievement for freedom of the press and for the health of democracy. |
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| Colonial similarities in British North America- |
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| all were English in language and customs, protestant in religion, social mobility, self-government, communication an transportation, common origins, ways of life, economic development. Shared history, culture and geography. |
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| who first discovered tobacco and when? |
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