• exporting more than importing
• get gold and silver through trade
• nation needs colonies where it could buy raw materials and sell products
• regulation of trade
• colonies=tobacco, lumber, furs, & gold payments to England to consume and sell to other countries
• 1660 Charles II passed Navigation Acts

• required colonies to sell certain goods only to England
• required colonies to buy manufactured goods only from England
• American or English ships
• forbade colonial manufacturing
• tax-stops in England when trading with other nations
• laws neglected until 1763
• colonists → bribery, smuggling

• British gov't allowed colonies freedom to govern themselves
• did not enforce trade laws → salutary neglect
• early 1700s

• American
• goods carried between colonies, Africa, and West Indies
• sugar/molasses → to New England (rum)
• rum and weapons to West Africa for slaves
• series of indirect routes used to conduct trade between the colonies & England
• raw materials to England and manufactured

• slaves brought from Africa via the Middle Passage
• many died b/c of crowded & unsanitary conditions
• one leg of Δ Trade b/t Europe, Africa, and the Americas
• forced transport of slaves from Africa to the Americas

• intellectual revolution
• 18th Century= Age of Reason
• Based on reason(cause and effect) & natural law(learned through observation, reason, and logic)
• freedom & ability to think
• influenced founding Fathers

• idea of Republic
• Natural law → 3 rights: life, liberty, property
• John Locke
• gov't is formed to protect these rights → social contract
• influenced Jefferson & D of I

• Capitalism
• Economic system based on supply & demand (natural law of marketplace)
• 3 rights: private property, free enterprise, profit

• Deism
• God created a universe governed by natural laws → nature is humankind's Bible
• Rational God of goodness; rejected heaven and hell
• Heaven on earth → by doing good
• Morality determined by reason(right and wrong)

• Science
• learning through discovery
• scientific approach to discovering natural laws (obsevation and experimentation)

The Great Awakening

• religion in the early 1700s
• many believed colonists lacked faith/disinterested
• Jonathan Edwards- Massachusetts minister → "sinners in the hands of an Angry God" → fiery sermon
• series of revivals to renew religious spirit → emotional salvation
• George Whitefield- toured colonies seven times from 1738-1770 leading revivals
• had long-term social & political effects
• individuals could act ont heir own faith & not rely on authority which had revolutionary consequences

1. Growth in all denominations
2. Democratized Protestant religion (salvation for all)
3. Anti-intellectualism (vs. educated ministers)
4. Denominational colleges → doctrinal purity from youth

1. King William's War (1689-97)
2. Queen Anne's War (1702-13)
3. King George's War (1744-48)
4. French and Indian War (1754-63)

What was the main dispute that caused the French and Indian War?

• claims by England and France to the Ohio River Valley
• France built forts to protect fur trade

• British- Iriquois
• French- most everyone else

Who won the battle of Lexington & Concord?

Significant events?

• Americans
• General Gage- B
• Colonel Francis Smith- B
• Paul Revere- "the British are coming!"

Who won the battle at Bunker Hill?

Significant Events?

• British 
• Americans=incomplete attack
• amphibious assault against rebel headquarters- B
• Ratio 2:1
• HUGE LOSSES

Who won the battle at Montreal?

Significant events?

• Americans
• Continental congress → Continental Army (Washington)
• Canada, hoped Canadians wanted rebellion as well
• General Montgomery

Who won the battle at Quebec?

Significant events?

• British
• 2 American forces converged
• St. Lawrence River (Montgomery)
• Benedict Arnold- attack city (600 men- no supplies)

Significance of New York City?

• British focuesd efforts on NY
• Howe family- Richard (commander of all British naval forces in N. America)

Who won the battle at Long Island?

Significant events?

• British
• Howe sent forces across channel (20,000 British, 10,000 Americans)
• huge losses for Americans (less than 400 British)
• 3 days later, Putnam evacuated → Manhattan

Who won the battle at White Plains?

Significant Events?

• British
• abandoned Manhattan to British
• Howe launched attack & drove Continental Army from field
• missed chance of destroying Washington's army

Who won the battle at Trenton?

Significant Events?

• Americans
• Washington camped in Valley Forge=<5000 men
• Christmas Day- crossed Deleware River & marched on Trenton to Hessian mercenaries
• Big surprise

Who won the battle at Princeton?

Significant Events?

• Americans
• attach British right after Trenton
• larger British force under Cornwallis (had to pass)
• smaller British army @ Princeton (500+ casualties)

Who won the battle at Fort Ticonderoga?

Significant Events?

• British
• 10000 British regulars under Burgoyne → south from Canada
• Lake Champlain, Barry St. Leger → Mohawk River
• Sugar Loaf Mountain=major weakness!
• evacuation in darkness

Who won the battle at Fort Stanwix?

Significant Events?

• Americans
• Burgoyne → Lake Champlain
• Barry St. Leger → Fort Stanwix= ambushed
• indians began to desert
• Mohawk Valley

Who won the battle at Brandywine?

Significant Events?

• British
• Burgoyne → Hudson River
• Howe → Philadelphia
• muddy ground, Washington's advantage
• divided forces
• dense fog
• Americans retreat

Who won the battle at Saratoga?

Significant events?

• Americans
• Burgoyne crossed Hudson River to find Horatio Gates with 10000 men
• 2 battles→ american counterattack=2nd

Who won the battle at Monmouth?

Significant Events?

• Americans
• miserable winter
• Baron con Steuben→ taught tactics and discipline to Washington's Army
• largest single battle of war

• British

• British

• British

Who won the battle on King's Mountain?

• Americans

• Americans

Who won the battle at Guilford Court?

• British

• British

Who won the battle at Yorktown?

Significance?

• Americans
• last battle

Where was George Washington from?

• Virginia
• 22 years old

What was Benjamin Franklin's Albany plan?

• uniting the colonies under a royally appointed president general and an elected council
• colonies said "no"

• accompanied by George Washington
• led British troops against the French at Fort Dequesne
• was defeated
• lost half his men and his own life by fighting in column formation (against Washington's advice)
• Washington rallied the troops and became a hero

• Quebec's fall in 1759 led to the victory in 1763

• 1763 Peace Treaty
• changed map of N. America
• France gives Canada and all land east of the Mississippi River(except New Orleans) to British
• France gives French land west of the Mississippi River and New Orleans to Spanish
• Spain gives Florida to British

• 3 Previous Wars → conflict in Europe
• role of indians/ fur trade
• land!

• Ohio River Valley Land
• disputed b/t France and VA

• War in N. America
• war in Europe
• indian alliances
• british colonists fight with Great Britain vs. France

Changes after F & I war?

• 1763 Peace Treaty
• British victory
• French lost all land
• colonists start to have conflict of interest with British

Pivotal Event of F & I war?

• Washington's encounter with French envoy → Braddock killed

Consequences of F & I war?

• new borders → after Treaty of Paris→ indians lose french support→ Pontiac
• conflict b/t colonists & British→ Proclamation Line (Protection of Indians vs. colonial expansion)
• best → new taxes/ enforcement of laws
• standing army

• land is now British→ new tensions→ sets stage for Revolution

• committees of artisans, lawyers, merchants, and politicians formed to protest the Stamp Act
• important leader: Samuel Adams of Boston

• 1765
• delegates from 9 colonies
• pressured Parliament to repeal Stamp Act

• 1765
• tax on paper & printed matter
• affects more colonists' everyday life

• 1766
• parliament repeals Stamp Act but passes Declaratory Act same day
• gave parliament full power to make laws

• 1764
• tax on foriegn sugar, molasses, etc.
• less business for merchants & smugglers

• 1770
• "mob" vs. small group of Redcoats
• sparked more fervent colonial opposition to British presence in the colonies

• british east india company exempt from paying certain taxes on tea & could sell directly to colonies
• low prices but colonists feared monopoly
• Boston Tea Party: tea dumped into Boston Harbor

Intolerable Acts of 1774

(Coercive Acts)

• passed in retaliatino for Boston Tea Party
• consisted of four laws designed to punish Boston and strengthen British control

a. closed port

b. no town meetings

c. soldiers tried away

d. new Quartering Act

Quebec Act of 1774

• extended Quebec's boundary south to Ohio River
• Connecticut, Massachusetts, & VA: no longer available to them
• granted religious freedom Roman Catholics, upsetting Protestants
• america is uniting vs. british oppression
• new "american" identity is forming