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| Emperor K'ang-hsi reign (1662-1722) occured during the Ch'ing Dynasty. He was of Manchu ethnicity, with Chinese subjects. He was the emperor at the height of the Ch'ing dynasty, and spread that dynasty's power far. He defeated rebels in the San Fan War and brought Tibet and Taiwan under control of the Ch'ing dynasty. |
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| The Manchus were a nomadic people that lived north of the Great Wall. They conquered China in 1644 when the Ming dynasty cycle ended. The Manchus then began the Ch'ing dynasty which ruled China until 1911. |
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| The Ch'ing dynasty followed after the Ming dynasty. Manchus from the north began took control of China in 1644 when the Ming dynasty became week. The Ch'ing dynasty lasted until 1911. |
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| Galdan was a Zungar warrior leader from western Mongolia who challenged Manchu rule in China. He and K'ang-hsi had several battles. However, in 1696 K'ang-hsi's troops defeated Galdan's. Galdan died the next year. This helped to establish and fortify K'ang-hsi's rule in China. |
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| War of the 3 Feudatories/ San-Fan War |
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| The War of the 3 Feudatories broke out in 1673 and lasted eight years. The 3 feudatory princes (Wu San-kuei, Shang Chih-hsin, and Keng Ching-chung) were given great power and virtually their own 'kingdoms' to rule because of the services they provided to the Manchus. However, K'ang-hsi wanted to move Wu-San Kuei to move to Manchuria. Thus, a civil war broke out. K'ang-hsi did win that war, but he blamed himself for ever letting it become a problem in the first place. |
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| Matteo Ricci was an Italian Jesuit priest, and one of the founding figures of the Jesuit China Mission, as it existed in the 17th-18th centuries. He agreed that ancestral rites were just symbolic gestures of filial piety and that Confucianism was a humanitarian idea; therefore, converted Chinese Catholics could still practice both. |
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| Maillard de Tournon was a papal legate sent to China during K'ang-hsi's rule. He represented the interests of the Pope, who wished for the enforcement of the Catholic church's decision against Chinese rites. The Pope also wanted an emissary to be sent from Rome to Peking to watch over the Jesuit missions there and make sure that decision was strictly enforced. K'ang-hsi refused this request because he didn't want Chinese ancestral rites and Confucianism to be destroyed, which could destroy the ideal of filial piety. In sum, de Tournon helped to turn over Matteo Ricci's idea that Chinese ancestral rites and Confucianism were compatible with Catholicism. This began the Rites Controversy. |
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| The Rites Controversy began during K'ang-hsi's rule when the Catholic Church decided it would no longer allow Chinese converts to practice ancestral rites (making sacrifices to ancestors) and practicing Confucianism. The Catholic no longer viewed these as just symbolic gestures of filial piety or humanitarian ideals. Therefore, de Tournon was sent to China to ask Emperor K'ang-hsi if an papal legate could settle here to watch over the Jesuit mission and make sure the new decisions were enforced. K'ang-hsi refused this request because he didn't want Chinese ancestral rites and Confucianism to be destroyed, which could destroy the ideal of filial piety (the basis of Chinese law and morality). Instead, K'ang-hsi had all current and prospective Jesuit priests sign certificates that they would still permit ancestral rites and Confucianism within their congregations. Those who signed could stay, those who refused to sign would be deported. |
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| The Great Learning is an excerpt from the Confucian Classic, The Book of Rites, which dates back around 200 BC. It explains how the Chinese government is to be successful in ruling. It all boils down to regulating the family and practicing filial piety. Then, being a role model for others. This respect and discipline will grow and expand into all parts of society, creating a successful government. |
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| Confucius (551-479 B.C.) was born in the State of Lu. He lived during a time of constant warfare and great social and political chaos. He believed a way to end all of this chaos and war was to pay reverence to ancestors and thereby please Heaven. He also believed that the goal of government was to provide order and stability, not to bring chaotic change. Moreover, Confucius thought that ethics were the foundation of government. Therefore, good people should rule. In regard to law, Confucius explained that law and punishment provided no sense of shame/dishonor...just a way to discourage somebody from doing bad things. Instead, leading with virtue will help others to set themselves straight. Developed Confucianism which when combined with Buddhism and Taoism, provided the 'religion' of China. |
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| Filial piety was a concept fermented by Confucius. It meant that all should have respect for the family and ancestors. Filial piety was worked into Chinese law, where punishments depended on what your status in a family was rather than what crime you committed. Filial piety was the cornerstone of society and government in China. |
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| A Confucius catchphrase. Comparable to our 'Golden Rule.' "Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you." think: reciprocity |
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1. Father, Son
2. Ruler, Subject
3. Husband, Wife
4. Elder brother, younger brother
5. Friend, friend
Examples of filial piety, in a sense. There is respect for elders. Also an example of knowing your place and acting accordingly to ensure social harmony. The 5 Relationships were part of Confucius's doctrine [rectification of names] |
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| The Book of Changes was a fortune telling book that predated Confucius (ie, he consulted it). It is based on hexagrams (6 lines either broken or unbroken). They are based on Yin & Yang principles (aka: dynamic balance of opposites). It developed from the old fortune telling techniques of lines on cracked bones which had been thrown into fire. It went from a simple "yes or no" fortune telling technique to a very complex one. It also firsts develop the idea of Synchronicity. It is still practiced today. |
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| First developed in the Book of Changes. Synchronicity is understanding events in such a way that 'chance' was involved. Therefore, all related events just randomly happened and produced The other argument would be cause-effect relationships. think: coincidence is important |
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Yin & Yang = Relativity and Balance, dualism in Chinese thought, both must be in balance for stability
Yin: *dark* (female, mysterious, weak, moon, winter)
Yang: *light* (male, clear, strong, sun, summer)
Basis of Book of Changes hexagrams. |
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Created by Laozi. One of the 3 Religions of Chine. Tao means "The Way". Nameless, it is the origin of Heaven and Earth
The tao that can be told of is no the eternal tao. The name that can be named is not the eternal name.
think: force of the universe, Star Wars!!! |
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| A Confucius Doctrine of knowing one's place and acting accordingly. Thereby promoting social harmony and stability. It is the foundation of the 5 Relationships and plays an important role in filial piety. |
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| Name given to the Emperor of China. While the emperor himself was not divine, he was the go between of Earth and Heaven. He had been given a mandate by heaven to rule. |
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| Mandate of heaven simply means that Heaven has given the emperor of China the task to rule Earth. |
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The cycle in which all dynasties that ruled China fell into.
It has 3 main periods:
1. The first is the beginning of the dynasty.
2. The second is at the middle of the dynasty's life and is the peak of the dynasty.
3. The last period is the decline of the dynasty both politically and economically until it's finally conquered. |
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| Chinese foreign relations vis-a-vis its neighbors. Countries like Korea, Japan, Vietnam, etc send tribute missions to acknowledge superiority of China and the Emperor over the world. If the Emperor accepted the gifts and made these people ambassadors for their respective countries, trade could occur. This system lasted until the mid 19th century. |
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| Japan & Sun Goddess Amaterasu |
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Japan = "Land of the Rising Sun"
Japanese Emperor descended from the Sun Goddess Amaterasu....they did not accept Chinese Superiority all the time.
After WWII, the emperor says he isn't divine. |
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| Korea: Yi or Choson Dynasty |
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| (1362-1910) Korea set up its own dynasties as well, but adopted many Chinese ideas (Confucianism and Language) They participated in the Tribute System to China. |
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| Question #1 over Emperor of China: How was he brought up? What is his attitude toward his Manchu heritage? What is his attitude towards his Chinese subjects? |
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| K'ang-hsi was brought up practicing his Manchu heritage while also deeply learning Chinese culture. He was made to read all the classics, including The Art of War and he often referred to the Book of Changes, which was a Chinese book. K'ang-hsi's attitude toward his Manchu heritage is that of reverence. He enjoys hunting and has great respect for Manchu traditions, such as not stopping at the same sight twice or being held up under the armpits (when he got old). He shows much compassion to his Chinese subjects. He always tries to forgive criminals if their crime wasn't too great. |
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| Question #2 over Emperor of China: How does he regard Confucius? What was his attitude during his visit to Confucius' tomb? |
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| He regards Confucius's teachings of stability and morality highly. He's always telling his sons to be moral and good. He acts like a curious young child when visiting Confucius' tomb...asking about a tree that grows there and all sorts of questions. |
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| Question #3 over Emperor of China: What did he do as Emperor? His role vis-a-vis the military? His civilian duties? How does he see his job? How does he define good government? What is the definition of a "good official?" What does he think of the Chinese civil service? |
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| Question #4 over Emperor of China: What do you learn about how the law works in China? |
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| Question #5 over Emperor of China: In what ways did he fulfill the ideal of emperor as intermediary between Heaven, Earth, and Man? |
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| Question #6 over Emperor of China: What did he think of the Christian missionaries? What does he think of Christianity? What was the nature of K'ang-hsi's disagreement with De Tournon (The Rites Controversy)? |
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| Question #7 over Emperor of China: What was K'ang-hsi's attitude toward family? Why is he upset with his son and heir apparent Yin-jeng? How does he treat his grandmother? |
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