Term
| most common malignant tumor of the submandibular gland, contains small round or polygonal cells surrounding central cylinders composed of a hyalin and mucoid substance |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Most common primary malignant salivary tumor, these malignant neoplasms are composed of infiltrative squamous cells and mucous-secreting cells as well as hybrid cells and are most commonly found in the parotid gland |
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Definition
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Term
| (blank) is the most common developmental abnormality of the esophagus. |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
90% of the Esophageal Atresias will have an associated tracheoesphageal fistula. |
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Definition
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Term
Topic: Esophageal stenosis
Semicircular protrusions of the mucosa into the lumen are designated (blank 1) when located in the upper esophagus and (blank 2) when found in the lower esophagus |
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Definition
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Term
Topic: Esophageal stenosis
Most stenotic events are asymptomatic until diameter of esophagus drops below (blank) mm? |
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Definition
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Term
| (blank) is the most common esophageal disorder? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Following the chronic irritation of the distal esophagus in GERDS, the stratified squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus undergoes a metaplasia to form an intestinal epithelium. This process is termed (blank) and represents an acquired condition directly related to inflammatory injury of the esophageal mucosa |
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Definition
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Term
| Pill esophagitis is most commonly caused by this medication? |
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Definition
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Term
| (Blank 1, 2, 3 and 4) are known to produce a viral esophagitis |
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Definition
| Herpes simplex virus type I, Varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegolovirus |
|
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Term
| (blank) is the most common source of infection i the esophagus |
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Definition
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Term
| Giant, multinucleated cells characterizes (blank) esophagitis |
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Definition
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Term
| After candidiasis, (blank) is the second most common cause of infectious esophagitis. |
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Definition
| herpes simplex virus type I |
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Term
| features of (blank) are thickening of the muscularis externa and a loss of inhibitory (VIP & NO producing) interneurons in the enteric ganglia with accompanying degeneration in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in the medulla. |
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Definition
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Term
| (blank) is characterized by powerful, long, non-peristaltic contractions of the esophagus usually associated with loss of inhibitory neurons from the enteric ganglia. Contractions occur at two or more sites simultaneously. |
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Definition
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Term
Topic: esophagus
(blank) demonstrates hypertensive peristaltic contractions |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased resistance in the hepatic portal system for any reason will result in retrograde flow of blood out gastric veins to enter the gastroesophageal sinuses and eventually into the esophageal veins to gain access to the azygos system and the superior vena cava. Excessive dilation of the gastroesophageal sinuses is termed (blank). A major complication is hemorrhage. |
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Definition
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Term
| Esophageal varices and its companion ascites are two major complications of (blank) |
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Definition
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Term
| Lacerations or rupture of the esophagus can occur consequent to external trauma, surgical instrumentation or internal trauma such as powerful retching during vomiting. If the tear is longitudinal and located astride the gastroesophageal junction it is referred to as a (blank) |
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Definition
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Term
| Lacerations or rupture of the esophagus can occur consequent to external trauma, surgical instrumentation or internal trauma such as powerful retching during vomiting. If it is such that the esophageal wall actually ruptures during the tear, it is termed (blank) |
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Definition
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Term
| Most frequent site of tears and rupture is in the the esophagus (weakest region of esophagus) |
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Definition
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Term
Topic: acquired diverticula
Outpouchings or diverticula of the esophageal wall typically occur in three locations: |
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Definition
| just above the UES (Zenker's diverticulum), in the midesophagus and at the level of the LES (epiphrenic). |
|
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Term
topic: Carcinoma of the Esophagus
(blank) is a malignant neoplasm of the esophageal lumen that has an epithelial cell origin and occurs throughout the esophagus, however it has a slight predilection for the midesophageal regions.. |
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Definition
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Term
topic: Carcinoma of the Esophagus
(blank) is a malignant epithelial tumor with glandular differentiation that is more common in the distal esophagus than proximal |
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Definition
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Term
| Two forms of esophageal cancer are prominent: (blank 1 and 2) Carcinoma of the esophagus is relatively uncommon but extremely lethal |
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Definition
| adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma |
|
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Term
topic: Congenital Disorders of the stomach
(blank) can be either congenital or acquired in nature. Marked hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the 2 (circular and longitudinal) muscular layers of the pylorus occurs, leading to narrowing of the gastric antrum. The pyloric canal becomes lengthened and the whole pylorus becomes thickened. The mucosa usually is edematous and thickened. In advanced cases, the stomach is markedly dilated |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common cause of gastrointestinal obstruction in infants |
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Definition
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Term
| Congenital narrowing (stenosis) or complete closure (atresia) can occur in any portion of the small bowel but is most often seen in the (blank) |
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Definition
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Term
topic: PUD
(Ulceration or Erosion, pick one) extends deep to the muscularis mucosa and involves arterial blood |
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Definition
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Term
Topic: PUD
(Ulceration or Erosion, pick one) located lumenal to the muscularis mucosa, typically venous leaking |
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Definition
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Term
| A peptic ulcer represents chronic disruption in the gastric or duodenal mucosa secondary to (blank) |
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Definition
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Term
| NSAID-induced ulcers are often (symptomatic or asymptomatic) |
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Definition
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Term
topic: PUD
Urea breath test is for the presence of (blank) |
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Definition
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Term
Chronic gastritis or Type B Gastritis
is antral-predominant gastritis but can convert into a pan-grastritis in 15 to 20 years time. It is mainly caused by infection, such as (blank), but other agents such as toxins and other organisms can result in a chronic gastritis as well. |
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Definition
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Term
| This type (Pick one: A or B) of Gastritis is an autoimmune reaction involving parietal cell cytotoxic antibodies |
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Definition
Type A Gastritis
A => Automimmune |
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Term
Topic: acute gastric ulceration
(#1 Cushing or Curling) ulcer follows head trauma, operations or tumors. (#2 Cushing or Curling) ulcer follows serve burns |
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Definition
|
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Term
A spectrum of chemicals can result in significant damage to the gastric mucosa. Due to the lack of inflammatory cells present in mucosa, this process should best be termed (blank) gastritis. Three types of acute gastritis are described by the condition of the mucosa:
1. Acute gastritis
2. Acute hemorrhagic gastritis
3. Acute hemorrhagic erosive gastritis |
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Definition
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Term
| • Reactive gastritis is most often see in association with (blank) use or with alcohol abuse, especially binge drinking |
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Definition
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Term
topic: Neoplastic diseases of the stomach
Hypertrophic foveolar epithelium in the fundus and body due over secretion of Transforming Growth Factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) is called (blank)
Enlargement of the gastric rugae and associated with protein-losing enteropathy |
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Definition
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Term
topic: Hypertrophic gastropathy specifically Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Gastrinomas are typically found in the (blank) the base of which is the first three parts of the duodenum and the apex is the junction of the head of the pancreas with its body |
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Definition
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Term
topic: stomach
A nodule or mass of tissue within the stomach, elevated above the mucosa and containing hyperplastic surface epithelium and glandular material. Most are non-neoplastic in nature. |
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Definition
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Term
| Iatrogenic fundic gland polyps are secondary to (blank) therapy and can be extremely numerous |
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Definition
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Term
| (blank) is divided into two types: diffuse and intestinal-type. In the diffuse type, the neoplastic cells infiltrate the stomach wall resulting in its increased thickening and hardening, this is more frequently seen in younger individuals. In the intestinal-type, cohesive neoplastic cells form a mass containing glandular-like structures in the stomach wall |
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Definition
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Term
| Worldwide it is the second most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer death |
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Definition
|
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Term
• Definite risk factors for (blank) are
o Familiar adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
o H. pylori infection
o Gastric ulcer (most likely due to the presence of H. pylori)
o Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
o Chronic atrophic gastritis
o Intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa
o Gastric polyps (typically adeneomas) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| (blank) are relatively uncommon tumors of the mucosa or submucosa of the stomach wall. Most are non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas of B-cell origin |
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Definition
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Term
| (blank) is the second most common gastric malignancy after gastric adenocarcinoma |
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Definition
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Term
| 90% of gastric (blank) are of B-cell origin; most of these are of the large cell variety |
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Definition
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Term
| A mesenchymal tumor found in the primarily in the walls of the stomach and to a lesser extent in the small bowel. These tumors form solitary, well-circumscribed masses of uncommitted cells. The cell of origin is thought to be the Cajal cell of pacemaker cell of the stomach muscularis or possibly a stem cell common to both the Cajal cell and smooth muscle cells |
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Definition
| Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors |
|
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Term
| (blank) are neuroendocrine tumors. They can occur anywhere throughout the GI tract and bronchial tree; however, when they occur within the GI system they are most commonly found in the appendix followed by the ileum, rectum, stomach and colon |
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Definition
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Term
| An effusion and accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity, termed (blank), can be either transudative or exudative in origin. Transudative (Blank) is most frequently (80-85%) due to cirrhosis or other severe liver disease Major complications involve spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. |
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Definition
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Term
| (Blank) involves diffuse parenchymal injury of the liver with subsequent fibrosis and scarring. It usually occurs consequent to alcohol abuse but can be caused by viral infections, drug and toxin exposure and metabolic diseases as well as biliary obstruction and pancreatitis |
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Definition
|
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Term
the following are all dermatological signs of (blank)
o Jaundice - yellowing of skin or sclera
o Itch
o Spider telangiectases
o Ecchymosis (thrombocytopenia, coagulation factor deficiency)
o Caput medusae (dilated superficial periumbilical vein)
o Increased pigmentation - bronze appearance (hemochromatosis)
o Clubbing
o Nail changes (Muehrcke lines, Terry's nails) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
the following are physical findings of (blank)
• Physical findings:
o Small nodular liver, but an enlarged liver is also compatible with the dx
o Tender hepatomegaly in congestive hepatomegaly
o Palpable spleen (portal hypertension)
o Venous hum over periumbilical veins in portal hypertension
o Ascites (portal hypertension, hypoalbuminemia)
o Testicular atrophy - hypogonadism is particularly prominent in male patients due to alcoholism or hemochromatosis |
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Definition
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Term
the following are neurologic signs of (blank)
o Tremor of asterixis ('flapping')
o Encephalopathy |
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Definition
|
|
Term
the following are GI findings of (blank)
o Esophageal varicies
o Pale stools and dark urine occur with obstructive or cholestatic jaundice as urobilinogen is unable to reach the intestine |
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Definition
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Term
| During liver failure, the elevated blood levels of ammonia can lead to neural damage in the brain. The resulting (blank) involves cognitive and behavioural changes as well as an abnormal motor behaviour termed asterixis. |
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Definition
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Term
| (Blank) refers to a yellowish discoloration of the skin due to the accumulation of bile in the body |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The common causes of (blank) are bilirubin overproduction, liver infections such as viral hepititis or obstruction to the flow of bile from the liver to the gut |
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Definition
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Term
| (blank) is a pathological condition in which there is impaired bile formation or bile flow leading to the accumulation of bile pigments in the body |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Most common causes of acute hepatic failure are drugs (which? blank 1) and hepatotropic viruses (which blank 2) |
|
Definition
1: acetaminophen
2: Hep A and Hep B |
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Term
| Increased resistance either in the right side of the heart, hepatic vein, liver proper or in the portal vein leads to (blank). The splanchnic blood then seeks alternative routes of exit from the visceral circulation |
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Definition
|
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Term
the following are (Pre, Intra or Post) hepatic causes of portal hypertension
o Portal vein thrombosis
o Increased splenic flow |
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Definition
|
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Term
the following are (Pre, Intra or Post) hepatic causes of portal hypertension:
o Cirrhosis
o Schistosomiasis
o Primary biliary cirrhosis
o Congenital hepatic fibrosis
o Toxins such as arsenic |
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Definition
|
|
Term
the following are (Pre, Intra or Post) hepatic causes of portal hypertension:
o Vena caval obstruction
o Budd-Chiari syndrome
o Alcoholic central sclerosis
o Venoocclusive disease
o Tricuspid regurgitation
o Tuberculosis
o Sarcoidosis
o Pericarditis, constrictive
o Myeloproliferative disease |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Hep (blank) is responsible for 90-95% of all cases of blood transfusion-associated hepatitis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Hep (Blank) virus is most common chronic blood-borne infection |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Hep (blank) does not cause chronic infections, but is especially dangerous among pregnant women |
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Definition
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Term
| Hep (blank) has the highest rate of progression to chronic liver disease and eventual cirrhosis |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Hep (blank) virus does not cause chronic disease |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Hep (blank) is dependent on Hep B for multiplication; thus can become chronic only in co-infections |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In (blank) hepatitis a chronic, progressive immune attack is mounted on hepatocytes leading to cirrhosis and the loss of liver functions and the sequelle of portal hypertension |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of chronic liver disease in the US, Effects over 30% of the US population |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Approximately 2000 cases of acute liver failure occur annually and (blank) account for over 50% of them |
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Definition
|
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Term
| With drug induced or toxic hepatitis, most damage occurs in Zone (blank) of the liver lobule |
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Definition
|
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Term
| An acute-onset, profound hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction leading to hepatic failure. Seen in children following acute viral infections such as influenza |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| name this liver failure seen often in Children under 15; associated with viral or drug reaction, especially salicylatyes, mortality rate is approximately 50% |
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Definition
|
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Term
| This hereditary hyperbilirubinemia stems from a mild defect in bilirubin conjugation that may result in intermittent jaundice.The defect appears to be in the bilirubin-UDP-glucuronosyltransferase gene |
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Definition
|
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Term
This liver syndrome is very common, effecting more than 5% of the population and is benign.
UGT1A1 enzyme activity is approximately 10 to 30 % of normal |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| a form of hereditary hyperbilirubinemia, involves an inherited defect in the bilirubin-UDP-glucuronoysltransferase enzyme that is either totally dysfunctional (Type I) or minimally dysfunctional (Type II). |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Untreated Type I patients of this liver syndrome develop profound unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and die by 18 months of age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (blank) describes the excessive deposition of iron in various body tissues, in particularly the liver. This disease results from a defect in the homeostasis of iron and can be either primary (an inherited, autosomal recessive trait) or secondarily due to excessive iron intake |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Classic Triad of this diseas affecting body tissues and liver
o Cirrhosis
o Diabetes
o Skin pigmentation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| (blank) is 1 of the 3 most common lethal genetic diseases among whites and 15-20% of all chronic liver disease in infancy may be attributes to this deficiency |
|
Definition
| Alpha a1 Anti-trypsin Deficiency |
|
|
Term
| An inherited disorder of copper transport involving the failure of hepatic excretion of copper into bile. Copper accumulates in the liver catalysing the formation of oxygen free radicals which then damage hepatocyte integrity |
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Definition
|
|
Term
o A rare recessive disorder; gene is located on chromosome 13.
o Mutation in the ATP7B gene encoding a P-type ATP-dependent transmembrane cation channel that transport copper within hepatocytes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
The most common benign lesions appearing in the liver
• Asymptomatic in most patients (85%)
• Present as an incidental finding on imaging or on autopsy
• Symptoms, when present, involve those of mass effect
• Typically a single tumor, multiple tumors are very rare |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (blank) consist of a encapsulated mass of benign neoplastic hepatocytes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Hepatic cell derived adenomas were very rare until the advent of (blank); currently they are seen in many women in the age range of 30-50 years, are asymptomatic in most cases; incidental finding on imaging
• When symptomatic: pain and a palpable mass
• Rupture and intrahepatic hemorrhage during pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This cancer is derived from malignant hepatocytes usually occurring in a liver already ravaged by cirrhosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As a major filter of the splanchnic blood, the liver is subject to attack by metastatic cells from many origins, most commonly (blank 1, 2, & 3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this cancer is very common, ranks second only to cirrhosis as a cause of fatal liver disease |
|
Definition
| metastatic cancer of the liver |
|
|
Term
| Metastatic liver cancer can occur from all types of cancer except primary (blank) cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A less common form of hepatic vein resistance is frank obstruction of the vein - termed (blank) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (blank) involves a chronic, progressively worsening, autoimmune-mediated inflammation of the small intrahepatic ducts leading to cholestasis and a resultant cirrhosis of the liver parenchyma |
|
Definition
| Primary biliary cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
| (Primary or Secondary) sclerosis cholangitis is an autoimmune disease that results in inflammation and fibrosis of the hepatic ducts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Pick one:Primary or Secondary) sclerosis cholangitis is associated with the haplotypes HLA B8 and HLA DR3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Pick one: Primary, Secondary or Tertiary) biliary cirrhosis is Partial or total mechanical blockage of the extrahepatic bile duct leading to cirrhosis |
|
Definition
| Secondary biliary cirrhosis or Biliary obstruction |
|
|
Term
| (blank) is inflammation of the bile duct. The most common cause is a bacterial infection, and the problem is then an ascending (blank) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The classic triad of (blank) is fever, jaundice, and right upper quadrant abdominal pain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A malignant neoplasm of the duct cells either intra- or extrahepatic in origin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (blank) refers to the complete obstruction of the lumen in the extrahepatic biliary tree within the first three months of life. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (blank) is the most frequent cause of infant death due to liver disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (blank) is a condition where bile cannot flow from the liver to the duodenum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These are congenital dilations present in the extrahepatic and intrahepatic biliary tree |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (blank) is inflammation of the gall bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute calculous cholecystitis by far the most common form of cholecystitis, and is secondary to the presence of (blank) |
|
Definition
| cyctic duct obstruction, usually secondary to gallstones (cholelithiasis) |
|
|
Term
| Acute Cholecystitis represents an inflammatory response to obstruction of the cystic duct by the gallstone. 3 Leading causes of inflammation are: |
|
Definition
• Mechanical trauma
• Chemical irritation
• Bacterial infection |
|
|
Term
| acute non-calculous cholecystitis is the rarer of the two froms of acute cholecystitis and is usually associated with other severe morbidity such as post surgery or following significant burns or trauma. The major causative pathology appears to be (blank) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This term refers to bacterial infections in the bile ducts.It is most often found as a complication of choledocholithiasis (stones in the bile ducts) or any other condition that results in obstruction of the bile ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The formation of gallstones in the gall bladder is termed (blank) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types gallstones are known: (blank 1) stones and (blank 2) stones |
|
Definition
1: cholesterol
2: pigmented bilirubin calcium salt |
|
|
Term
| (Pick one: Hispanic, African or Asian) -Americans are at increased risk for stones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This term refers to the formation or presence of a stone in the bile ducts of the biliary tree |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (blank) is the term for any cancer that arises from epithelial cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (blank) is a cancer originating in glandular tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Over 30% of pancreatitis are due to complications of heavy (blank) use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute pancreatitis takes a mild course in approximately 70-80% of patients. most patients with acute pancreatitis suffer (blank) pancreatitis, which is a mild self-limited disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parenchymal necrosis and acute hemorrhage of the pancreas is termed (blank) |
|
Definition
| necrotizing pancreatitis. |
|
|
Term
the following symptoms describe the presentation of (blank)
• Diffuse moderate to severe upper abdominal pain
• Pain described as boring and constant
• Radiation of pain straight through or around to the back
• Pain often unaffected by positional change, although it is sometimes improved by leaning forward
• Pain often rapidly escalates in intensity, peaking within about 10-20min of onset
• Pain may be intractable even after narcotic administration
• Nausea, vomiting
• Dyspnea due to pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most common cause of chronic pancreatitis is long-standing (blank). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (blank) are cavitations, lacking an epithelial lining, in the parenchyma of the pancreas that contain necrotic material and pancreatic enzymes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (blank) is a rare condition in newborn infants in which the common bile duct between the liver and the small intestine is blocked or absent. If unrecognised, the condition leads to liver failure but not (as one might think) to kernicterus. This is because the liver is still able to conjugate bilirubin, and conjugated bilirubin is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most common form of pancreatic cancer is (blank). The term pancreatic cancer usually refers to this form of cancer |
|
Definition
| infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
| 70% of pancreatic cancer lesions are in the (blank) of the pancreas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hereditary failure in the migration of neural crest cells to the distal colon produces an aganglionic region of the large bowel. Loss of enteric ganglia results in stricture formation in the gut wall. Proximal to this area is a zone of excessive intestinal dilation, also known as (blank) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hirschsprung Disease is also known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 85% of all newborn intestinal obstructive disease is caused by (blank) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the following describes the pathogenesis of (blank)
the loss of ganglonic neurons from the enteric plexus in the distal bowel
o Extrinsic innervation is still intact and spasms to the colonic wall
o Peristalsis can not push by the obstruction |
|
Definition
| Hirschsprung Disease or Megacolon |
|
|
Term
| Intestinal (Pick one: atresia or stenosis) involves the complete obstruction of the intestinal lumen while (Pick one: atresia or stenosis) involves a narrowing of the bowel lumen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Incomplete rotation of the intestine during development. Usually involves failure of the cecum to move into the right lower quadrant and lodges in the right subhepatic area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A (block) diverticulum occurs when the vitelline (omphalomesenteric) duct, which connects the midgut lumen to the yolk sac during fetal life, fails to close completely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (blank), a true congenital diverticulum, is a small bulge in the small intestine present at birth. It is a vestigial remnant of the omphalomesenteric duct (also called the vitelline duct or yolk stalk), and is the most frequent malformation of the gastrointestinal tract. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common congenital abnormality of the small bowel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What defines a true diverticulum |
|
Definition
| True diverticulum contains all three layers of the normal bowel |
|
|
Term
| (blank) is a chronic, relapsing/remitting transmural inflammation that can effect any region of the bowel from mouth to anus. Characteristically the inflammation involves the full thickness of the wall but is patchy in distribution. Although classified as idiopathic in etiology, it is believed to represent an imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory agents in the bowel wall of genetically susceptible individuals. Importantly, the normal fauna and flora of the bowel are present, this disease does not appear to be caused by the invasion of abnormal bowel pathogens. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Characteristic features of (blank) include:
• Sharply delimited segmental involvement of the bowel with skip lesions ~ intervening normal areas
• Transmural inflammatory process
• Mural thickening
• Creeping fat
• Early forming aphtous-like mucosal ulcers
• Later forming fissures and fistulas
• Non-caseating granulomas
• Criptitis, crypt abscesses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (blank) is a remitting/relapsing mucosal inflammatory disease of idiopathic etiology that occurs in the large bowel, particularly in the descending colon and rectum. Although it erodes large portions of the intestinal mucosa, unlike Crohn disease, it typically does not invade the underlying tissue of the bowel wall. The distribution of (blank) is more continuous than that of Crohn’s disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Blank) or gastrointestinal atony is a disruption of the normal propulsive gastrointestinal motor activity due to non-mechanical causes. In contrast, motility disorders that result from structural abnormalities are termed mechanical bowel obstruction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An idiopathic gastrointestinal disorder that features migrating abdominal pain and altered bowel habits with gas and flatulence. A possible pathogenesis involves increased sensitivity of the visceral afferent (sensory) system in the bowel wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Pick one, men or women) make up 80% of the population with severe irritable bowel syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Pick one: Diverticulosis or Diverticulitis) is the condition of having diverticula in the colon, which are outpocketings of the colonic mucosa and submucosa through weaknesses of muscle layers in the colon wall. These are more common in the sigmoid colon, which is a common place for increased pressure. This is uncommon before the age of 40, and increases in incidence after that age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Pick one: Diverticulosis or Diverticulitis) results if diverticula become inflamed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Numerous viruses can cause a watery diarrhea lasting 1-5 days. The most common of the viral causes of enteric infections are: (blank 1,2 and 3) |
|
Definition
o Rotoviruses
o Adenoviruses
o Norovirus (Norwalk-like virus of the Caliciviruses) |
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Term
| The single most common cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea in early childhood is the (blank) |
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Definition
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Term
Food poisoning typical organisms include (blank 1, 2, 3)
• Atypical patterns of poisoning include botulin toxin and scombroid poisoning. |
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Definition
| Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus. |
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Term
Non-inflammatory infectious diarrhea:
Typical organisms include (blank 1, 2 and 3) |
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Definition
| Vibrio cholerae, enterotoxigenic forms of E. coli, and enteropathic forms of E. coli. |
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Term
Dysentery (inflammatory infectious diarrhea):
Typical organisms include (blank 1, 2, 3 and 4). Also be aware of two systemic illnesses that can follow bacterial dysentery: Reiter’s syndrome and Hemolytic-uremic syndrome |
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Definition
| Shigella boydii, Shigella dysentereriae, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium difficile and enterohemorrhagic strains of E. coli |
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Term
| • Acute bacterial diarrhea, often termed Traveler’s Diarrhea, is the bane of individual when outside of their unusual environment and is the most common health problem in world travelers. The most common causative agent is (blank), strain variations exist throughout the world. |
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Definition
| enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC) |
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Term
| (Blank) is the leading cause of death in many developing countries |
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Definition
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Term
| (blank) occurs principally in premature infants around the time that oral feeding is initiated. It involves massive splanchnic vasoconstriction leading to ischemic necrosis in the affected bowel. Transmural infarction can result in septic shock |
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Definition
| Necrotizing enterocolitis |
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Term
| Pseudomembranous colitis represents a specialized form of dysentery triggered by proliferation of the toxogenic anaerobic bacterium, (blank). The release of entrotoxins A and B from the bacterium result in the formation of a fibrinopurulent exudate or pseudomembrane along the lumenal surface of the large bowel. |
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Definition
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| The most common form of amebic dysentery is that caused by injestion of the cysts from (blank) |
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Definition
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Term
the following describes the natural history of (blank)
• Most common infectious agent in water-borne outbreaks of diarrhea in the US
• Ingestion of 10-25 cysts is pathogenic
• Damages the brush border of the enterocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| (blank) is a flagellated protozoan that can infect the duodenum and jejunum |
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Term
| Malnutrition means inappropriate reduction of (blank) |
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| (blank) is chronic inflammatory disease caused by an autoimmune response to a protein component of gluten, termed gliadin, in the mucosa of the small bowel in genetically susceptible individuals. (blank) is characterized by malnutrition |
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Definition
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Term
| (blank) is an acquired malabsorption syndrome that appears to be associated with an infectious agent in the small bowel, however no specific organism has been identified. Distribution is restricted to tropical climates such as Central America, the Craibbean and India |
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Definition
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Term
| (blank) is a systemic infection by the bacillus Tropheryma whippelii that can effect multiple systems in the body. Invasion of the lymphatic system leads to significant expansion of the villi by macrophages and obstruction of the lacteals; fat malabsorption and steatorrhea then follow. |
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Definition
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Term
| This systemic, recessive autosomal disease can result in infants becoming obstructed with a meconium ileus |
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Definition
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Term
| (blank) refers the the development of tortuous dysplasia of blood vessels in the mucosa and submucosa of the intestines. This deformity generally appears in the elderly and is thought to result from mechanical stress on the blood vessels |
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Definition
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Term
the following describes the natural history of (blank)
• A very common source of intestinal bleeding in the elderly
• Present in 1% of the adult population
• Account for 20% of significant lower intestinal bleeding
• Most prevalent in the region of the cecum |
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Definition
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Term
| in (blank) the smooth muscle layer of the esophagus loses normal peristalsis |
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Definition
| Charcot's cholangitis triad is the combination of jaundice; fever, usually with rigors; and right upper quadrant abdominal pain. Occurs as a result of ascending cholangitis. When the presentation also includes hypotension and mental status changes, it is known as Reynolds' pentad |
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Term
| (blank) is a small vascular malformation of the gut. It is a common cause of otherwise unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding and anemia. Lesions are often multiple, and frequently involve the cecum or ascending colon |
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Definition
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Term
| Reiter's Syndrome is also known as: |
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Definition
| Reactive arthritis (ReA), an autoimmune condition that develops in response to an infection in another part of the body. Coming into contact with bacteria and developing an infection can trigger reactive arthritis |
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Term
| these occur consequent to the failure of mesenchymal masses in the lateral palatine processes to grow toward, or to adequately fuse on, the midline |
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Definition
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Term
| (blank) is the most common of all birth defects involving the head and neck. |
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Definition
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| Exposure to retinoic acid (oxidized form of vitamin A) significantly increases the incidence of (blank) in pregnant mice by interfering with the activity of the Hox genes - major morphogenic regulatory genes |
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Definition
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Term
| The classic manifestation of this disease is an area of erythema, with atrophy of the filiform papillae of the tongue, surrounded by a serpiginous, white, hyperkeratotic border. The patient often reports spontaneous resolution of the lesion in one area, with the return of normal tongue architecture, only to have another lesion appear in a different location of the tongue. |
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Definition
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Term
| The terms 'ankyloglossia' refers to? |
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Definition
| aka:'short fraenum', 'short fraenulum',or 'tongue tie', all refer to a restricted lingual fraenum due to a consolidation of tissue, usually leading to reduced mobility of the tongue. |
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Term
| (blank) is located on the gums and hard palate of the newborn, they represent temporary accumulations of epithelial cells. (Other names: milia, superficial epidermal inclusion cysts, gingival cysts of the newborn) |
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Definition
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Term
| When the bony enlargement occurs on the ventral surface of the hard palate it is termed a (blank) |
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| In terms of oral cavity diseases, hand-foot-and-mouth and herpangina are extremely common in the U.S. population and are most often associated with (blank) virus. |
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Definition
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| Since the 1800s (blank) has been recognized as a clinical syndrome consisting of fever, pharyngitis, and adenopathy. The term glandular fever was first used in 1889 by German physicians and was termed Drusenfieber |
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Definition
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Term
| The viral origin of Infectious Mononucleosis is? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common fungal infection of the oral cavity? |
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Definition
| Thrush or pseudomembranous oral candidiasis |
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Term
| Another name for small, but painful, superficial well-circumscribed ulcerations of the oral mucosa, often termed “canker sores” |
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Definition
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