Term
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Definition
The study of blood moving through the circulatory system |
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Term
Any volume divided by time
(L/min, ml/s, etc) |
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Definition
Flow is reported in what units? |
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Definition
This indicates the volume off blood moving during a particular time; it answers the question, "How much?" |
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Definition
This indicates the speed of a fluid moving from one location to another; it answers the question, "How fast?" |
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Any distance divided by time
(cm/s, m/min, etc) |
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Definition
Velocity is reported in what units? |
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Term
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Definition
The following are forms of what?
- pulsatile
- phasic
- steady |
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Term
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Definition
This occurs when blood moves with variable velocity resulting from cardiac contraction (ex: arterial circulation) |
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Definition
This occurs when blood moves with a variable velocity resulting from respiration (ex: venous circulation) |
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Definition
This occurs when blood moves at a constant velocity (ex: venous circulation when breathing stops for a moment) |
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Definition
What kind of flow exists when flows are aligned and parallel |
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Definition
The following are two forms of what?
- Plug Flow
- Parabolic Flow |
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Term
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Definition
This type of laminar flow occurs when all of the layers and blood cells travel at the same velocity |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of laminar flow occurs when velocity is highest in the center of the lumen and weakest at the vessel wall |
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Is plug flow and parabolic flow a normal finding?
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Definition
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Definition
What kind of flow exists when chaotic flow pattern - in many directions and many velocities - are present? |
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Term
Turbulant Flow converts flow energy into other energy forms such as ___ and ___ |
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Definition
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Term
Sound associated with turbulent flow is called a ___ |
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Definition
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Term
Vibrations associated with a turbulent flow is called a ___ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Blood flows when the total fluid energy at one location differs from the total fluid energy at another location. What is this difference in energy called? |
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Term
Which statement is more precise?blood flows due to a pressure gradient or blood flows due to an energy gradient |
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Definition
Blood flows due to an energy gradient |
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Term
The following are forms of what?
- kinetic
- pressure
- gravitational |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
This form of energy is associated with a moving object. It is determined by the object's mass and it's speed |
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Term
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Definition
This form of energy is a form of stored or potential energy, which has the ability to perform work |
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Term
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Definition
This form of energy is a form of stored or potential energy that is associated with any elevated object. |
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Term
How is energy imparted to blood? |
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Definition
LV contraction during systole |
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Term
As blood flows throughout the body, name three ways its energy is lost |
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Definition
1. Viscous Loss
2. Frictional Loss
3. Inertial Loss |
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Term
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Definition
This describes the thickness of a fluid |
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Definition
More energy is lost with the movement of (high or low?) viscosity fluids. |
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Term
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Definition
The percentage of red blood cells (and other cellular matter) in the blood is called what? |
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Term
What is the normal hematocrit level? |
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Definition
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Term
What happens to blood viscosity if the hematocrit level drops (anemia)?
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Definition
With lower hematocrit levels, blood has reduced viscosity |
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Term
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Definition
This form of energy loss occurs when flow energy is converted to heat as one object rubs against another |
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Term
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Definition
This form of energy loss occurs when blood overcomes its own internal stickiness |
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Term
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Definition
This form of energy loss occurs when the speed of a fluid changes (regardless of whether it accelerates or decelerates) |
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Term
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Definition
What form of energy loss occurs at these three events:
- pulsatile flow
- phasic flow
- stenosis |
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Term
In a stenotic vessel, where does maximal velocity occur? |
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Definition
At the vessel's narrowest point |
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Term
In a stenotic vessel, where does reduced velocity occur? |
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Definition
Beyond the vessel's narrowest point |
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Term
A narrowing in the lumen of a blood vessel is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
How does stenosis effect flow direction? |
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Definition
Flow direction can change (turbulence) as blood flows through the narrowing |
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Term
How does stenosis effect flow velocity? |
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Definition
Velocity increases flowing into the narrowing and decreases past the narrowing |
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Term
How does stenosis effect pressure? |
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Definition
Increased pressure at the narrowing, decreased pressure past the narrowing (pressure gradient) |
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Term
How does stenosis effect flow pattern (pulsatile, phasic, steady)? |
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Definition
Pulsatile flow pattern converts to a steady flow pattern |
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Term
With a flow OR resistence increase, what will happen to pressure gradient? |
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Definition
Pressure Gradient Increase |
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Term
With a pressure gradient increase OR a resistance decrease, what will happen to flow? |
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Definition
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Term
The ___ the pressure difference, the ___ the flow rate |
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Definition
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Term
What is the formula for calculating pressure gradient? |
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Definition
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Term
The pressure gradient formula is similar to what other formula? |
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Definition
Ohm's Law
(voltage = current x resistance) |
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Term
Vein walls are (thick|thin) and (collapsible|noncollapsible) |
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Definition
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Term
During normal function, veins are (high|low) pressure and (fully|partially) filled |
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Definition
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Term
| The cross-sectional shape of a vein during normal function is ___ |
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Definition
Flattened & Hourglass Shaped |
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Term
Are veins typically low or high resistance vessels? |
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Definition
Low Resistance (like arteries) |
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Term
How can veins handle a large volume increase without a similar increase in pressure? |
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Definition
Cross-sectional shape can increase to oval and then circle |
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Term
Normal veins increase flow to the heart with a (large|small) increase in pressure |
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Definition
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Term
The shape and volume of veins are determined by the pressure acting to expand them. What is this pressure called? |
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Definition
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Term
After what point do venous pressures attain their highest levels? |
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Definition
After veins are stretched to their maximum dimension |
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Term
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Definition
The weight of blood pressing on a vessel measured at a height above or below heart level |
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Term
Hydrostatic pressure is reported in what units? |
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Definition
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Term
Blood pressure is accurately assessed when taken where? |
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Definition
At the level of the heart |
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Term
When blood pressure is taken above or below the level of the heart, ___ pressure introduces ___ into the measurement |
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Definition
Hydrostatic Pressure
Error |
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Term
When blood pressure is taken above the level of the heart, the measurement is too (high|low) due to ___ |
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Definition
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Term
When blood pressure is taken below the level of the heart, the measurement is too (high|low) due to ___ |
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Definition
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Term
What is the hydrostatic pressure of a patient in the supine position? |
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Definition
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Term
Is a blood pressure measured anywhere on a supine patient accurate? |
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Definition
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Term
A supine patient's arterial BP (measured at the arm) is 140 mmHg. What is the hydrostatic pressure at all locations within the arterial circulation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A supine patient's arterial BP (measured at the arm) is 140 mmHg. What is the arterial pressure at their knee? |
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Term
A supine patient's arterial BP (measured at the arm) is 140 mmHg. What is the arterial pressure in their carotid artery?
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Definition
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Term
| In a standing patient, where are negative hydrostatic pressures found? Positive hydrostatic pressures? |
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Definition
- Above the level of the heart
+ Below the level of the heart |
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Term
Measured BP is a combination of what two other measurable pressures? |
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Definition
Circulatory Pressure + Hydrostatic Pressure |
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Term
Downward movement of the diaphragm occurs during what portion of the respiration process? |
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Definition
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Term
Upward movement of the diaphragm occurs during what portion of the respiration process? |
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Definition
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Term
What occurs to thoracic blood pressure and blood flow during inspiration? |
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Definition
1. Thoracic pressure decreases
2. Thoracic venous flow increases |
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Term
What occurs to thoracic blood pressure and blood flow during expiration? |
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Definition
1. Thoracic pressure increases
2. Thoracic venous flow decreaese |
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Term
What occurs to lower body blood pressure and blood flow during inspiration? |
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Definition
1. Lower body pressure increases
2. Lower body venous flow decreases |
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Term
What occurs to lower body blood pressure and blood flow during expiration? |
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Definition
1. Lower body pressure decreases
2. Lower body venous flow increases |
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Term
What happens to venous flow in the legs during inspiration? |
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Definition
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Term
All of the following occur during expiration except:
A. venous return to the heart decreases
B. venous flow in the legs increases
C. abdominal pressure increases
D. diaphragm rises into the thoracic cavity |
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Definition
| C. abdominal pressure increases |
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Term
When venous flow in the leg decreases, venous return to the heart ___ |
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Definition
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Term
When venous flow in the leg increases, venous return to the heart ___ |
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Definition
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