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A malignant tumor
Derived from the Greek word for crab, karkinoma |
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| Used to describe a new growth |
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| Grow slowly, well defined capsule, noninvasive, well differentiated, low mitotic index, do not metastasize |
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| Surrounding capsule of connective tissue |
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| Grow rapidly, non-encapsulated, invasive, poorly differentiated, high mitotic index, can metastasize easily |
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| The loss of cellular differentiation |
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| Marked variability of size and shape |
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| Carcinomas that arise from or form ductal or glandular structures |
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| Blood-forming cell cancers |
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| Substances produced by both benign and malignant cells that are present in or on tumor cells or found in blood, CSF, or urine. |
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| Cancer cells that can be created from normal cells |
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| Lacked by transformed cells which means they will continue to crowd, eventually piling up on each other |
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| Cancer cells continue to divide even when suspended in a soft agar gel |
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| Clonal proliferation/Clonal expansion |
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| Mutant cell may have a selective advantage over its neighbors and its progeny can accumulate faster |
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| Normal genes that direct protein synthesis and cellular growth |
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| Encode proteins that in their normal state negatively regulate proliferation |
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| Changes in one or a few nucleotide base pairs |
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| Chromosome trans-location |
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| A piece on one chromosome is transferred to another |
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A small piece of chromosome is duplicated over and over
Results in an increased expression of an oncogene |
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| Mutation of tumor-suppressor genes |
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| Allows unregulated cellular growth |
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| Both chromosome copies of a gene are inactivated |
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| Whole regions of chromosomes are shut off while the same regions in other cells remain active |
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Increase in malignant cells
Results in chromosome loss, loss of heterozygosity, and chromosome amplification |
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| Encode for proteins that are involved in repairing damaged DNA |
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If the mutation occurs in somatic cells, it is not passed to progeny
If the mutation occurs in germ line cells, it can be passed to future generations |
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Vascular endothelial GF
Platelet derived GF
Basic fibroblast GF |
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Protective caps on each chromosome and are held in place by telomerase
Become smaller and smaller with each cell division |
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Parasitic extraction of nutrients from blood
Divide even in hypoxic or acidic states
Use aerobic glycolysis so subsequent metabolites can be used for growth |
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Stem cells self-renew
Cell divisions create new stem cells
Stem cells are pluripotent
Ability to differentiate into multiple different cell types
Current cancer chemotherapy does not kill cancer stem cells |
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Cytokine release from inflammatory cells
Free radicals
Mutation promotion
Decreased response to DNA damage
Examples: ulcerative colitis, chronic viral hepatitis |
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Normal immune system protects against cancer
Immunosuppression fosters cancer:
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (10X)
Kaposi sarcoma (1000X)
In some cases cancer promotes secretion of cytokines that foster cancer |
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Hepatitis B and C viruses
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV)
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Human T cell leukemia–lymphoma virus (HTLV) |
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| Bacterial Causes of Cancer |
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