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| The branch of geology that studies the composition, structure, appearance, stability, occurrence, and associations of minerals |
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| a naturally occurring, solid crystalline substance, generally inorganic, with a specific chemical composition |
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| The positively charges particles in an atom's nucleus |
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| the smallest unit of an element that retains the physical and chemical properties of thta element |
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| Electrically neutral, found in an atom's nucleus |
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| Surround the nucleus in a cloud. Each has a mass so small that it is conventionally taken to be 0. Electrical charge: -1 |
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| The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
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| the sum of the masses of an element's protons and neutrons |
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| Atoms of the same chemical element may have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different atomic masses. These various kinds of toms are called this. |
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| Interactions of the atoms of two or more chemical elements in certain fixed proportions that produce new chemical substances--chemical compounds |
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| Electron transfer and Electron sharing |
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| The two ways chemical compounds are formed |
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| The simplest type of chemical bond. It forms by electrical attraction between ions of the opposite charge. (Like static electricity) |
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| Stronger type of bond. It holds elements that do not readily gain or lose electrons to form ions and instead form compounds by sharing electrons. |
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| the growth of a solid from a gas or liquid whose constituent atoms come together in the proper chemical proportions and crystalline arrangement |
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| Ordered 3-D arrays of atoms in which the basic arrangement is repeated in all directions |
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| To drop out of solution as crystals |
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| Polymorphs (example: diamond and graphite) |
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| Alternative structures for a single chemical compound |
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| A measure of the ease with which the surface of a mineral can be scratched |
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Talc 1
Gypsum 2 _____Fingernail
Calcite 3 _____Copper Coin
Fluorite 4
Apatite 5 _____Knife blade
Orthoclase 6 _______Window glass
Quarts 7 ______Steel file
Topaz 8
Corundum 9
Diamond 10 |
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| The tendency of a crystal to break along flat planar surfaces |
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| The tendency of a crystal to break along irregular surfaces other than cleavage planes |
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| The way in which the surface of a mineral reflects light |
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| Imparted by light--either transmitted through or reflected by crystals, irregular masses, or a streak |
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| The color of the fine deposit of mineral dust left on an abrasive surface |
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| Mass per unit volume (usually expressed as g/cm3) |
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| The weight of a mineral in air divided by the weight of an equal volume of pure water at 4 degrees C |
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| the shape in which a mineral's individual crystals or aggregates of crystals grow |
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