Sp system of allotting Indiands to Sp colonizers for collection of labor and tribute.

Decimated Indian pop thru overwk and disease; Foundationf or system of relations btwn laboreres and owners, ruthlessly exploiting laboreres who weren't white, European, or Christian

Viceroy = rep'd person of King in New World

-had own court, chief executive

-promote rel conversion

-collect revenue (tribute/taxes)

Viceroyalty = attempt to recreate crown in LA

Colonists <3 King, hate Viceroy

Draft - Indians force to provide labor; brutal; mines, obrajes; often protested conditions directly to King

Slavery - Carib and Brzl had lrgst slave pop

Wage Labor - mining so profitable in N. Mex and Andes wage labor dvlp'd 17th cent; no state role

Creole Elites - Europeans born in LA or who come, make $ and stay; want the focus to be where they are → begining of independence

Their rise → weakening of Euro control (i.e. rise of tax farming)

Peninsula Elites - come from Sp/Port to make $ and return

Creole Elites

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Wking class, poor, in urban centers

↓

Sep indigenous ppls conflated into "Indians" by Sp

(fully incorporates indig ppls into SP colonial system)

Humboldt 

(+ colleague Bonpland)

Prussian scientist, explorer, and expert sent from Sp King Carlos IV to classify plants/animals/minerals, measure winds, currents, latitudes, longitudes througout New World. His several reports included economic/demographic data of New Spain, societal relations in colonies and sparks of independence.

His reports exemplify Enlightenment's will of mastery.

Argentine general, Creole Elite, a prime leader of S.Am's independence; fought for Sp in Peninsular War against Fr for Iberian Peninsula; pushed for Argentine independence, created Army of the Andes→crossed Andes to Chile where he defeated Sp forces liberating Chile then sailed to attack Sp in Lima, Peru, seized partial control declared Peruvian indep in 1821, bowed out at meeting w/ Bolivar who took over full liberation of Peru.

Independence moved from Periphery to Center

Creole Elite, military and political leader from Venezuela; led Colombia, Venezuela, Equador, Bolivia, and Peru to independence

Independence moves from periphery to center

Mestizo, Catholic priest, rebel revolutionary leader; takes over Mex War of Indep after Hidalgo's death; guerrilla warfare. Calls Congress of Chilpancingo in 1813 and presented "Sentiments of the Nation"(set up branches of gov't, called for abolition and elimination of racial social distinctions) which was shot down and instead a constitution calling for a weak executive, strong legislature. Executed for treason in 1815, Iturbide takes over.

Royalist officer in Mex Army who fought against Hidalgo and Morelos. Builds coalition w/ pardo general Vincente Guerrero (has good fighters, Iturbide mil and pol connections in Mex City/across New Sp) to march into Mexico City w/ Plan de Iguala ("3 guarantees") separating Mex from Sp monarchy.

Names himself Emp of Mexico, rules from 1822-23 - Mex monarchy creates turmoil and defines 2 ends of Mex political spectrum→libs that favor populist representative government and conservs that favore dictatorial regime

Presented by Iturbide, supported by royalists, elites, and Catholic Church. Had 3 guarantees:

1. Mex will be indep but have a king (doesn't work, turmoil 1820s-1870s)

2. Mex will be Catholic

3. Equality for all Mex inhabitants (White americanos on same level as europeos, Sp europeos were guaranteed indep gov't would protect their lives and property, indig ppls and Africans guaranteed citizenship)

Rebels fighting Spainish in Ten Years War called for abolition and opened doors for this law to be passed by Sp legislature.

Free all slave >60 yrs and free womb law (problematic)

Independence tied to Slavery, as long as Westerners (who relied on slaves) had some form of slavery they remained pro-Sp b/c it allowed social peace and econ stability. More chipping away through 80s and ended in 86.

Gen (mulatto, not elite) who actually led Cuban Indep Movement. Expert officer who led his army of mostly Afro-Cuban soldiers against lrgr Sp forces and had many victories in guerilla warfare style. Killed in battle.

His and Marti's deaths left a vacuum for U.S. to take over Cubans' path to independence.

Dictator leading creole gov't in Paraguay(till 1840)

• encourage miscengenation, told whites they couldn't give child land and outlawed marriage btwn whites basically getting rid of elites as a class
• economic diverisification, dvlp'd internally, not focused on exportation keeping Euros from participating

  ---

  **Paraguay doesn't b/c independent; peaceful**

Takes over Paraguayan dictatorship in 1840

• "President for Life"
• Began participating in global econ on own terms, made a strong river navy

Takes over from father Carlos in 1862 as dictator of Paraguay

• Finances industrial dvlpt
• mixed state-private enterprise

• Turmoil in Uruguay and competition btwn Arg and Brzl over Rio de la Plata became war w/ Paraguay
• GB backed Arg/Brzl/Uruguay
• Paraguay holds out for >5yrs

  ---

destroys Paraguay's attempt to be indep from global econ/Europe

a group of military officers publicly declare their opposition to the current government - in Mex these declarations were called 'plans' b/c they were quite detailed, formal, and issued in writing

• 36 changes in Mex pres in 2 yrs w/ pronunciamientos i.e. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (pres 11x)
• Ea. new gov't stressed econ interests of its leaders (often from diff regions w/ diff goods)
• political instablity→econ instablity→more pol instability

• Wanted U.S.-style capitalism
• free circulation of land and labor
• break up Indian communities
• attack Catholic Church

• Not enthusiastic about capitalism
• Needed Indians and Church to maintain social order
• feared free trade would hurt local producers 

U.S. addition to Cuban Constitution that granted U.S. right to intervene at will to maintain w/e gov't it chose on the island and required Cuba to sell or lease land for U.S. military bases

U.S. imperialism and cont economic dependence on U.S. b/c U.S. would keep gov'ts friendly to its econ policies/wants and needs in power; foreshadows occupations when 1902 Reciprocal Trade Agreements fail

Pres of Chile 1886 during 2nd Civil War

• Wanted to diversity econ
• con'td w/ ↑infrastructure and communication, electricity, schools
• gave Chilean producers cheap credit and put limits on foreign capital

His opponents the Congressionalists used congressional power to limit his policies. His policies challedged power of established major elites (bankers, wheate exporters, nitrate producers); credit and infrastructure spending went to new actors at expense of established ones; committed suicide after civil war

Passed by Liberals after Rev of Ayulta 1855

• Abolished Fueros (special privelege groups like Army, Church, indig ppls-ejidos aka Indian villages) 

Allowed for free circulation of land and thus labor

First Pres of Mex after Rev

Chick pea farmer from Coahuila - exporting to U.S.

UCal grad - U.S. educated

immediate tension btwn pop elites who wanted immediate change and thos that wanted systemic slower change