71% of Earth Surface at an average 3800m deeps

97.61% Ocean

2.08% Polar Ice and Glaciers

0.295% Ground Water

0.009% Fresh Water Lakes

0.008% Saline Lakes

0.0000009% Rivers

0.0009% atm

Lake formed on down-faulted fault line

Grabin - formed between 2 mountains

Lake Bakai - 20% of worlds fresh water

Lake in old volcano

-no watershed so no nutirents so no life

-Lake Caldera

most lakes in Northern hemisphere

cirque lakes - formed in mountainus areas by melting glaciers

kettle lakes - formed by glacial till

weathering of easily dissolved minerals in groundwater forming caves that expand until reaching surface

Karst Lakes

deltaic lake -Particulate deposits at mouth of river due to decreased velocity, damning itself

Oxbow Lake - river skips over a previous bend forming a lake at the bend

Photic zone where rooted plants grow

light gets to sediements

Limnetic Zone - photic zone with no rooted plants

distant from shore

Deep, slow moving water

silt can settle

find burrowing and swimming organisms

Rapids, shallow waters, bottom free of debris and silt

organsims adopted to fast water

18g/mol

104.5 degrees

H2O can hydrogen bond to 4 others. 2 O's and 1 per H

Iz = Io e^-Ez

E = 1.7/Secchi Depth

0 to 3.98 <1

3.98 = 1

3.98 up < 1

E=HV

V= C/λ

8.2J/cm^2 per minute from sun

O3 abosrbes lower wavelengths in atm only >290nm gets through

Eye sees 400 to 800

22.9 inchs over 193.9 million acre-feet

5-120 in but cities get 10-15

30.8 maf or 37% of precipitiaton

29% used by farmers

23% wild rivers

7% cities

5% delta flow

36% outflow

>35 built by USACE and USBR

largest is Central Valley Project by USBR delievering 7 maf or 10% runoff

-90% used for agriculture

29 Dams and resivoirs

2.5 maf annually to farmers in sanjaquin valley

-owens valley aquaduct and Los angeles aquaduct

4.4 maf to CA

3.75maf goes to crops in palo verde

30% or 15maf of CA water comes from ground water

we use ~1maf more a year than gets recharged

Hsw + HLw - (Hb+Hl+Hs)

Hsw = input via short wavelength

Hlw = input from long wavlength

Hb = loss from back radiation

HL = evaporation

Hs Sensible/Convective transfer

T = Heat/(Density*4.168J*V)

Determines structure and rxn rates

rise by 10C = 2x rxn rates

20C = 2x10

30 = 4x10

Seasonal & Diurnal variations in heat flux

-Denisty of H2O is dpeendant upon temp

-Work is required to mix fluid of different densities

-work of mixing is from wind

temp curve opposite of density curve

Epilimnion - mixed layer

Metalimnion - transition zone betwen mixed and non mixed

hypolimnion - cold and more dense non mixed water

Amnimictic - do not mix, shallow

Monomictic - mix once

warm = >4

Cold = <4

Dimictic - mix twice summer and spring. inverses in winter

Polymicitc - frequently mixed

Meromictic - incomplete mixing

holomictic - entire column is mixed

Gravitional Potential = density*gravity*height

spontaneous is (-)

Mean Velocity = 1/n * R^2/3 * S^1/2

n= roughness coefficient

R= hydrolic radius area/stream bead aka perimeter

S=slope

smooth even flow in layers

no slip conditions - water against friction surfaces at zero velocity

velocity of water increases exponentially from stream bed

occurs in groundwater flow only

not orderly, no unidirectional,

still no slip conditions

Re=uz/V

u=velocity

z=depth

V=viscosity=1*10^-6

Re = laminar<500<turbulent

P=Po * (-mgh/RT)

m=mass of air 0.0288 Kg/mol

R = gas contant 8.314 J/(k*mol)

perpindicular to surface, dur to river inputs

Td=V/Q

Td = small, advective flow is most mixing

Td = Large, wind is dominate force

Parallel to surface causing currents

Shear Force  - 1~2% of wind

U = ((density air/H2O)*drag*velocity of water^2)/gz

Ri = G(dens/Z)/(Dens(U/Z)^2)

High stratification >0.25

Low Stratification <0.25

u=velocity