Term
cholinergic cells noradrenergic suffix -ergic |
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Definition
cells that produce and release ACh neurons that use the neurotransmitter norepinephrine ergic: synapses that use prefix neurotanmitter eric: |
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Term
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Definition
inject purified substance hypothized to be transmitter, get immune reponse via antibodies that bind to transmitter, extra bound substance, dye antibody, inject into brain, cells containing substance will be dyed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Complementary RNA probe injected into brain, binds to RNA, radioactive picture taken to locate probes |
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Term
| Detecting Beurotransmitter Release |
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Definition
| Bathe brain in vitro in K+, only NT if released when CA2+ is added |
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Term
Neuropharmacological Analysis nicotinic recepetors muscarinic ACh Receptors |
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Definition
Study of what chemicals bind to what receptors Nicotinic - skeletal muscle only, responds to nicotine relaxing muscle, blocked by curare Muscarinic - heart only, responds to muscarine, relaxes heart -> low blood pressure, heart rate, blocked by atropine |
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Term
3 types of Receptors react with? |
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Definition
AMPA Receptor -> AMPA NMDA Receptor -> NMDA Kainate Receptor -> Kainate ALL THREE: Glutamate |
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Term
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Definition
| Ligand = any chemical that can bind to a receptor |
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Term
| 3 main neurotransmitter types |
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Definition
Amino Acids Amines from Amino Acids Peptides fromAmino Acid |
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Term
ACh neuro transmitter steps ACh Synthesis ACh degredation |
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Definition
Choline enters through via Na+ transporter, Synthesis, Ach transported into vesicles, release, degradation, Choline transporter Syn: Acetyl CoA + Choline -(ChAT)-> ACh +Coa Deg: Ach -(Acetylcholindeesterase)-> acetic acid + Choline |
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Term
| Catecholaminergic Neurons |
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Definition
involved with movement, mood Transmitters: dopamine (DA), Norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (adrenaline) DA converts to NE converts to epinephrine |
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Term
Serotonergic Neurons Amino Acidergic Neurons |
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Definition
Ser: Contain Serotonin, sleep tryptophan -> 5-htp -> 5-ht Amino: Contain glutamate, glycine, GABA glutamate vesicle concentrated to 50nm |
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Term
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Definition
retrograde transmitters port -> pre Ca2+ causes on-demand making or endo. ->highly membrane permiable -> binds to CB1 of pre-> Ca2+ production limited causing less NT release |
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Term
| Basic Structure of Transmitter-Gated Channels |
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Definition
Contains: 2 α, 1 β,γ, δ ACh binds to α, both must be bound for open |
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Term
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Definition
fast synaptic response AMPA Channel - Permiable to Na in and K out, to produce surge of Na+ to excite NMDA -Permiable to Na and Ca in and K out, Volatage dependant active at -30mv (depolarized) otherwise closed by Mg2+ |
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Term
| GABA and Glycine Gated Ion Channels |
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Definition
Cl- channels Inhibitory Benzodiazoprene - more openings Barbiturates - longer openings Ethanol- more inhibitory |
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Term
| G-protein Coupled Receptors |
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Definition
1) G-protein contains α, β, & γ binds to GDP 2) G-protein binds to receptor 3) GDP -> GTP 4) G-protein split into β & γ, α+GTP. connect to Gα-stimulated and Gβγ-Stimulated 5) GTP -> GDP, β & γ, α reconnect |
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Term
Shortcut Pathway β & γ only |
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Definition
| β & γ section when split binds to K channel to open it, lasts 30-100msec, |
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Term
Second Messanger Cascade α only |
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Definition
| α segment binds with PLC which splits PIP2 into DAG and IP3, DAG stimulates PKC, IP3 causes release of CA2+ |
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Term
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Definition
Divergence: 1 transmitter activates more than one receptor Convergence: Mutiple (ex 3) transmitters activate multiple receptors (ex 3) but only activate 1 system |
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Term
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Definition
Involved in Sleep-wake cycles, attention, arousal, learning, memory, anxeity, pain, mood, brain metabolism Located: Pons We have 2 one on each side, 12,000 neurons each most activated by new, unexpected, nonpainful sensory stimuli least active when the animals are not vigilant and are sitting around quietly, Destinations: hypothalamus, thalamus, spinal chord, temporal lobe, neocortex, cerebellum |
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Term
| Serotonergic Raphne Nuclei |
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Definition
Serotonin contain nuclei of in nine raphnei nuclei which liw in the midbrain fire when awake, quiet when asleep Control wake-sleep and sleep stage Location: midbrain Destinations: hypothalamus, thalamus, spinal chord, temporal lobe, neocortex, cerebellum, Basal ganglia |
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Term
Dopaminergic Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area |
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Definition
Location: midbrain Voluntary movements, reward system Destinations: Frontal Lobe, Striatum |
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Term
Cholinergic Basal Forebrain and Brain Stem Complex Medial Septal Nuclei Basal Nucleus of Meynert |
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Definition
Neurons scattered = complex Destination: hippocampus, medial septal nuclei, basal nucleus of meynert, neocortex, thalamus Medial Septal Nuclei - Provide Cholinergic innervation of hippocampus Basal Nucleus of Meynert - Provide Cholinergic innervation of neocortex |
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Term
| point-to-point synaptic communication systems |
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Definition
requires anatomical precision, mechanisms that restrict synaptic communication to the cleft between the axon terminal and its target, brief -Only minute quantities of NT are released, quickly destroyed enzymatically or taken up by neighboring cells, originate with
discrete sensory and motor systems, such as visual, auditory, and somatosensory
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Term
| diffuse modulatory synaptic communication system |
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Definition
widely divergent axonal connectionsover large area and communicate with several thousands of other cells. Neurons arise from a common source at the central
core of the brain and mostly originate from the brain stem. release their neurotransmitters into extracellular fluid and diffuse to many neurons slow the time ranges from seconds to minutes and the molecules linger |
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Term
James-Lange Theory Cannon-Bard Theory |
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Definition
Expirience emotions in reponse to biological changes in our body emotional expirience can occur independantly of emotional expression |
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Term
Limbic Lobe Papez Circuit |
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Definition
Limbic Lobe: cortex around the corpus collosum, mainly in the cingulate gyrus, cortex in temporal lobe, hippocampus Papez: neocortex (emotional coloring) <-> Cingulate Cortex (Emotional Expirience) -> Hippocampus ->fornix (nerves leaving hippo)-> Hypothalamus (emotional Expression) -> Anterior Nuclei of thalamus -> Cingulate cortex - Tumors in Cingulate cortex result in fear, irretibility, depression - lessions in anterior thalamus result in spontaneous laughing or crying |
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Term
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Definition
| -removal of temporal lobes resulted in poor object recognition, increased sex drive, significant decrease in fear and aggression, tendancy to put objects in mouth |
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Term
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Definition
Located: pole of temporal lobe on medial side types of nuclei: basolateral, corticomedial, central sensory systems -> basolateral |
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Term
| Amygdala and learned fear |
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Definition
| Fear in central neurons output to hypothalamus for autonomic repsonse, periaqueductal grey matter in brain stem for behavorial response, cerebral cortex for emotional response |
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Term
aggression -Types of Aggression -hypothalamus -midbrain -serotonin |
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Definition
Types of Aggression: Preditory and affective Preditory:no sympathetic responce in ANS, Lateral Hypothalamus, Lateral hypo projects via medial forebrain bundle into ventral tegmental area of midbrain -lesions here disrupt preditory Ag. Affective: for show, high levels sympathetic, Medial hypothalamus, Medial hypo projects via dorsal longitudinal fasiculus to PAG of midbrain -lesions here disrupt affective Ag. -lesions in amygdala lower all aggesion -serotonin increase = less aggression, better with females decrease = more aggression |
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Term
| 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B and aggression |
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Definition
both missing - decrease of anxiety and aggresion lacking 5-HT1A - unusualy anxious lacking 5-HT1B -not aggressive towards others in group but higher aggresion to new mouse (stress) |
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Term
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Definition
Loss of language skills without cognitive function -damage to left frontal lobein borca or wernicke's area Borca aphasia - understand speech but trouble speaking and comprehending function words like "on top of", amonia- inability to find words, agramatism-grammatically incorrect sentences, paraphasic- purnpikeintead of turnpike errors wernicke aphasia - fluent speech but poor comprehension and nonsense speech conduction aphasia - diffuculty repeating words, lesions in arcuate fasciculus |
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Term
Declarative Memory nondeclaritive memory Procedural Memory |
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Definition
Dec: typical usage of memory in everyday life conscious memory non: memory of facts and events Proc: memory for skills, habits, behaviors unconscious memory |
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Term
| speech pathways for written and spoken word |
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Definition
Written: Early visual processing in striate cortex -> visual word recognition in extrastriate cortex-> semantic association inferior frontal cortex -> premotor coding in supplementary motor area -> motor control of speech in primary motor cortex ->speech Spoken: Early auditory processing in primary auditory cortex -> auditory word recognition in temporoparietal cortex -> semantic association inferior frontal cortex -> premotor coding in supplementary motor area -> motor control of speech in primary motor cortex ->speech |
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Term
memory consolidation Working memory |
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Definition
Consolidation: conversion of short term to long term memory Worknig mem: temporary form of memory, like when you repeat a phone number to yourself |
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Term
Retrograde Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia transient global amnesia |
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Definition
Retrograde: forget stuff before the trauma Antero: can't form new memories transient: short time period of amnesia |
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Term
Engrams Lesions in cortex before and after |
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Definition
physical representation or location of a memory Lesions in cortex mean more repretition to form memory Lesions formed afterwords can erase memory |
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Term
Cell assembly Lesion in inferotemporal cortex |
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Definition
all cells activated by external simulus to form memory Lesion in inferotemporal cortex lead to loss of already learned visual memorys i.e. what shape=what reward |
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Term
| Electrical Stimulation of Temporal Lobe |
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Definition
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Term
type of amnesia by lesions in medial temporal lobe, in perirhinal cortex |
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Definition
Medial temporal lobe for consalidation of memory anterograde amnesia for >10min but okay for <10min severe anterograde amnesia still for habits
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Term
Diencephalon circuit Thalamic lesions |
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Definition
Fornix, Thalamus, hippocampus, Mammillary Body, Amygdala recog mem: anterior and dorsomedial nuceli in the thalmus, mamillary bodies int he hypothalamus hippocampus -(fornix->mamillary->anterior nucleus of the thalamus ->cingulate cortex (papez circuit) The dorsomedial recieves from temporal lobe, amygdala and inferotemporal neocortex, project to all frontal cortex Thalamic lesions produce sevre defects in DNMS Task (object covers food, monkey removes object, screen put up, object is replaced no food and also a new object is put on board with food under it, monkey remembers eating old object food and goes for new object) |
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Term
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Definition
results from chronic alcoholism which causes thiamin defieciency = abnormal eye movements, loos of coordination, tremor, if untreated = korsakoffs -characterized by confusion, confabulations, severe memory impairment, apathy - lesions in dorsomedial thalamus and mamilary bodies -retrograde amnesia |
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Term
Hippocampus stimulus? Memory? Lesions? |
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Definition
Responds to familiar stimulus with large response new stimulus with small response -relation memory- how different inputs relate to each other lesions- no learned pathways, so no recognition of area of a place you have already been, i.e. rats travel down arms more than once. place field- the place that causes a specific neuron to fire i.e. place cells |
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Term
Procedural memory Located |
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Definition
Located in striatum = basal ganglia and caudate nucleus Motor Loop: frontal and periatal cortex -> striatum ->thalamic nuclei & cortical areas Lesions here effect procedural mem. not declarative -no habits can form rats in light maze: must correlate light on to food (procedural) not pathway to food (declarative) -huntingtons disease attack basal ganglia -parkinsons degerate substania nigra inputs to straitum |
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Term
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Definition
lesions in Prefrontal Cortex degrade working memory so sorting lots of card is hard but recalling info easy, navigating mazes is hard no recalling dead ends prefrontal cortex invovled with problem solving and planning of behavior Lateral intraparietal Cortex - area LIP - in intraparietal sulcus. guides eye movement, vision specfic. eye goes to remembered stimulus after it turns off |
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Term
nonassociative learning habituation sensitization |
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Definition
non: change in behavorial response over time to a single stimulus habituation: learning to ignore a stimulus that lacks meaning Sensitization: learning to intensify your response to stimuli |
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Term
Associative Learning classical conditioning instrumental conditioning |
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Definition
Assoc: to form associations between events Classical: pavlov's dogs response to tone Instrumental: learn to do motor event to cause stimulus i.e. pull a level for food |
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Term
| Long Term Potentiation (LTP) |
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Definition
| High-frequency electrical stimulation of an excitatory pathway leads to long lasting enhancement of strength in the stimulated synapses |
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Term
| Structure of the Hippocampus |
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Definition
2 sheets, denate gyrus and Ammon's Horn Ammon's Horn has four divisions CA1-CA4 entorhinal cortex -(perforant path)->synapse in denate gyrus -> synapse in CA3-> fornix, also Schaffer Collateral which synapse in CA1 |
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Term
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Definition
pyramedal LTP: smell and sight of rose to formmemory tetanus: a brief burst of high freq. stimulation to induce LTP LTP to form must, synapses be active at the same time that the postsynaptic CA1 neuron is strongly depolarized CA1 have post synaptic NMDA which allow entry of CA2+ to form LTP |
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Term
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Definition
bidirectional regulation of synaptic strength increased CA2+ in receptor leads to insertion of new AMPA receptors with GluR1 into membrane which strengthens response, replaced by AMPA lacking GluR1 to make larger stable state. 6 GluR1 lack -> 6GluR1 lack + 2 GluR1 with -> 8 GluR1 with |
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Term
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Definition
| Blocking = reduced Ca2+ intake which means no adaptation with increased AMDA Receptors = no learning |
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Term
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Definition
Mental illness-
Unconscious and conscious elements of
psyche come into conflict |
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Term
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Definition
Many behaviors are learned
responses to the environment |
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Term
Alzheimer's disease symptoms |
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Definition
• neurodegenerative disease Symptoms:
- loss of short-term memory
- anterograde amnesia and progressing graded
retrograde amnesia
- As the disorder progresses,
- language (aphasia),
- recognition (agnosia),
- decision-making and planning (loss of
functions associated with frontal and temporal
lobes of the brain. |
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Term
Alzheimer's disease (AD)
• Pathophysiology |
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Definition
– Deposition of the beta amyloid protein.
– This deposition could result from abnormal
processing (proteolytic cleavage) of the beta
Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP).
– AD usually starts in the hippocampal formation
and then spreads along neuronal pathways. |
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Term
Alzheimer's disease (AD)
• Genetics |
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Definition
– early onset; inherited dominant cases of AD
with early onset (mean age onset 48-58 years)
can be caused by seven different mutations in
APP gene (chromosome 21),
– late onset; mutations in Apolipoprotein E4 gene
(Chromosome 19) is the major genetic
susceptibility risk factor for late onset AD. |
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Term
Schizophrenia
Symptoms Positive and negative |
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Definition
Positive symptoms (abnormal thoughts and behaviors):
• Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized speech, Grossly disorganized behavior
Negative symptoms (absence of responses):
• Reduced expression of emotion, Memory impairment, Difficulties in initiating goal-orienting behavior, Poverty of speech
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Term
Biological Bases of Schizophrenia
– |
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Definition
The Dopamine Hypothesis: Psychotic episodes in
schizophrenia triggered by activation of
dopamine receptors The Glutamate Hypothesis
• Behavioral effects of phencyclidine (PCP)
– Introduced in1950s as an anesthetic
– Inhibits NMDA receptors
– Glutamate: Fast excitatory
neurotransmitter in the brain, two
important receptor subtypes, AMPA and
NMDA |
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Term
Treatments for Schizophrenia
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Definition
– Consists of drug therapy combined with psychosocial support
– Conventional neuroleptics, such as chlorpromazine
and haloperidol, act at D2 receptors
• Reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
• Also have numerous side effects
– Neuroleptic drugs (clozapine)
– Atypical neuroleptics (No effect on D2): Clozapine
– NMDA receptor
– Future directions: increased responsiveness of NMDA
receptors and with decreasing D2 activation) |
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Term
Schizophrenia starts -> spreads |
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Definition
Substantia Nigra -> Striatum Ventral Tegmental Area -> Frontal Lobe |
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Term
Parkinson’s Disease Starts->spreads |
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Definition
Substantia Nigra -> Striatum Ventral Tegmental Area -> Frontal Lobe |
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Term
Parkinson’s Disease & Dopa |
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Definition
Dopa fights parkinsons symptoms but doesn't get past blood brain barrier. Must use L-dopa -parkinsons degerate substania nigra inputs to straitum |
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Term
Huntington's Disease Starts -> Spreads cause? |
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Definition
Basal Ganglia -> Spreads everywhere in brain •caused by a trinucleotide repeat expansion
in the Huntingtin (Htt) gene
• mHtt causes cell (neuron) death in selective areas
(basal ganglia) of the brain. -huntingtons disease attack basal ganglia |
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Term
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
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Definition
• ALS, (Lou Gehrig’s disease) is
– a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disease
– eurodegeneration of lower motor neurons and
upper motor neurons that control voluntary
muscle movement.
– muscle weakness and atrophy throughout the
body. |
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Term
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Definition
neuromuscular disease
• characterized by weakness and fatiguability of
voluntary muscles.
• Autoimmune desease
• circulating antibodies that block acetylcholine
receptors at the post-synaptic neuromuscular
junction, inhibiting the stimulative effect of the
neurotransmitter acetylcholine. treated with cholinesterase inhibitors. |
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Term
Tumors in Cingulate cortex lessions in anterior thalamus removal of temporal lobes lesions in amygdala Lesion in inferotemporal cortex lesions in medial temporal lobe/perirhinal cortex Thalamic lesions lesions in dorsomedial thalamus and mamilary bodies lesions in Hippocampus Lesions thalamic nuclei & cortical areas lesions in Prefrontal Cortex Lesions in Anterior and postieror Hypothalamus |
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Definition
Tumors in Cingulate cortex result in fear, irretibility, depression lessions in anterior thalamus result in spontaneous laughing or crying removal of temporal lobes = Kluver Bucy lesions in amygdala lower all aggesion Lesion in inferotemporal cortex lead to loss of already learned visual memorys Medial temporal lobe for consalidation of memory anterograde amnesia Thalamic lesions -loss of short term memory lesions in dorsomedial thalamus and mamilary bodies = retrograde amnesia lesions in Hippocampus- no learned pathways, so no recognition of area of a place you have already been Lesions thalamic nuclei & cortical areas effect procedural mem. not declarative lesions in Prefrontal Cortex degrade working memory anterior hypothalamus is destroyed along with the cortex,sham rage is observed if the but it is not seen if the lesion is extended to include the posterior half of the hypothalamus. |
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