Term
| When do all cells begin their cell cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1.The cell will carry out all normal activities but the cell will grow in preparation for devision
2.the centrosomes will be replicated
3.Organelles duplicate |
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Term
| What is mitosis mediated by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structures does the mitotic spindle originate from? |
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Definition
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Term
| When a cell devides how many centrosomes does each cell get? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during the synthesis(S) phase? |
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Definition
DNA is replicated
Histones are synthesized |
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Term
| In S phase what do we double the amount of and what dont we double the amount of? |
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Definition
| double the amount of DNA not the amount of chromosomes |
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Term
| When will a cell pass from G1 into the S phase? |
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Definition
| It will only pass into the S phase if it is going to devide |
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Term
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Definition
The cell grows even further to prepare for devision
Factors check to see if replication has been succesful |
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Term
| What Are the two components of M phase? |
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Definition
Mitosis- seperation of genetic material
Cytokinesis- seperation of everything else |
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Term
| What controls when cells devide? |
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Definition
| Cell cycle checkpoints that are regulatory points |
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Term
| Where are the cell cycle checkpoints? |
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Definition
G1 to S
G2 to M
Metaphase to Anaphase |
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Term
| What stage will cell cycle time vary? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Maturation promoting factor
Required for the onset of cell devision |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell devision control genes that code for a protein called cyclin dependent kinase |
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Term
| What is the function CDK and what is it regulated by? |
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Definition
| phosphorylation of substrate proteins allosterically regulated by cyclin |
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Term
| The levels of CDK ____ The levels of Cyclin ____? |
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Definition
The levels of CDK stay the same
The levels of cyclin change |
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Term
| When cyclin activates CDK and substrates are getting phosphorylated the cell moves from? |
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Definition
G1 to S
G2 to M (different cyclin than G1) |
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Term
| What happens after all substrate are phosphorylated by CDK? |
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Definition
| cyclin gets broken down and deactivates the CDK |
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Term
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Definition
| activated cyclin dependent kinase |
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Term
| What happens when Cyclin is broken down? |
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Definition
CDK is turned off
Substrates that have been phosphorylated by CDK will be dephosphorylated |
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Term
| What does phosphorylation of the lamin protein do? |
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Definition
causes the nuclear envelope to break up into bits
the bits will reassemble into the nucleaus of the daughter cells |
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Term
| What does phosporylation of histones do? |
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Definition
| Causes chromatine to condense into chromosomes |
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Term
| What does phosphorylation of microtubule associated proteins do? |
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Definition
| causes break down of microtubles to use tubulin in the creation of the mitotic spindle |
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Term
| What do cells need to devide? |
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Definition
need a signal to start process of devision
Need to replicate genetic material
need to seperate that material into the two daughter cells
Need to seperate everything else
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Term
| What adjustment have cells made to enhance accuracy of Cell devision? |
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Definition
1. Having broken up chromosomes
2.replicating all DNA before everything else
3. Coupling of sister chromatids with cohesin during replication
4.Segregate genetic information via mitotic spindle |
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Term
| What happens in prophase? |
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Definition
1.chromatin condenses into chromosomes
2.Cytoskeleton is dissassembled and mitotic spindle is assembled by the centrosome composed of two centrioles which are microtuble organizing centers
3.Nuclear envelop starts to disperse |
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Term
What are kinetecore microtubles?
What are astro microtubles? |
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Definition
kinetecore microtubles- facilitate seperation of chromosomes
astromicrotubules-Help in oreintation of centrosome at the poles of the cell |
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Term
What is the function of Cohesion?
Condensin |
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Definition
cohesin holds sister chromatids together
Condensin mediates condensing of chromatin into chromosomes |
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Term
| What happens in prometaphase? |
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Definition
| stage where nuclear envelop is gone and mitotic spindle is just attatching to the sister chromatids that are randomly scattered around |
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Term
| What happens in metaphase? |
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Definition
| Sitster chromatids are arranges in a line on the metaphase plate by moving kinetecore microtubles attatchted at the centomere of each side of the sister chromatids |
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Term
What allow the cell to pass from metaphase into anaphase?
What are the processes that happen in result of this intitiation |
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Definition
The precise allingnment of sister chromatids at the metaphase plate involing APC activation which causes the breakdown of a protein called securin which regulates an enzyme that cuts cohesin which will allow sister chromatids to seperate
Rapid breakdown of mitotic cyclin which allow daughter cell to enter G1 after cytokinesis |
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Term
WHat is protein destruction mediated by?
What happens as a result of this? |
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Definition
ubuquitin
Ubiquitin ubiquinates a protein which delivers ubiquitin cyclin complex to the proteosome where the protein will be degraded |
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Term
| What happens in anaphase? |
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Definition
| The polar microtubles pull in the sister chromatids to opposite ends of the cell and the cells elongate |
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Term
| What happens in Telophase? |
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Definition
| Chromosomes cluster and simultaneously the nuclear envelop reforms and chromosomes convert back into chromatin |
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Term
| What is the cleavage furrow and what is it mediated by? |
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Definition
| a pinching in of the plasma membrane until the one cell is seperated into two new daughter cells. mediated by actin filaments |
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Term
| What happens after cytokinesis? |
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Definition
| each daughter cell immediately enter G1 |
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Term
| What is the function of meosis? |
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Definition
| the production of haploid gametes for function in sexual reproduction |
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Term
| What two events occur in meosis but not mitosis? |
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Definition
1. reduction devision-cutting chromosome number in half(Haploid)
2. introduction of genetic variation |
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Term
| What gamete does mitochondria come from? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| process of sperm and egg coming together forming a diploid zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| you have two copies of each chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| the two copies of a chromosome |
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Term
| Where did the two homologs of a chromosome come from? |
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Definition
one homolog from the paternal sperm
one from the maternal egg |
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Term
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Definition
| having half the number of chromosomes(gametes) |
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Term
| In gamete production the maternal and paternal origins of the chromosomes is? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the source for evolution? |
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Definition
| genetic variation during meosis |
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Term
What type of sexual process is mitosis?
What type of process is meosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the physiological products of meosis? |
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Definition
| for every one dipliod cell that devides by meosis 4 haploid gametes will be produced |
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Term
| What happens in meosis 1? |
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Definition
meosis metaphase 1 reduction/devision and genetic variation occurs
same as mitosis for everything else
Producing two haploid cells that go straight into meosis 2 |
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Term
| What are the steps in meosis 2? |
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Definition
Prophase 2-DNA replicated
metaphase 2-
anaphase 2-
telophase 2-
cytokinesis-
Producing 4 haploid genetically variable gametes |
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Term
| What happens in meosis 1? |
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Definition
Homologs joined in a process called synapsis by a complex of proteins called the synaptonemal complex
forming a tetrad |
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Term
| In meosis the spindle fiber cannot attatch where and why? |
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Definition
| the internal kinetocores because of the tetrads that make them not accesible |
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Term
| What does the tetrads allow homologs to do? |
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Definition
| cross over causing genetic variation in metaphase 1 through a cheasma which is the point at which two sister chromatids are touching each other |
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Term
| What is the new different crossed over chromosome called that occured in Prophase 1? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does independent assortment do and how? |
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Definition
| causes genetic variation by how chromosomes line up and disperse |
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Term
| What is signal transduction? |
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Definition
| Universal process of all cells of a cell recieving information from some signal and converting that information into a response inside the cell |
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Term
| What needs to happen to begin signal transduction? |
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Definition
| the cell needs to recieve a chemical signal |
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Term
| What is the first level of signal transduction? |
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Definition
| The all cells will come into contact with a signal but only those cells with a receptor will generate a response |
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Term
| When insulin is released what cells recieve the signal and what is the response? |
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Definition
liver and muscle cells
Increase the uptake of glucose and stimulate the conversion of glucose into glycogen for storage
And inhibition of glycogen breakdown |
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Term
| What are tyrosine kinases receptors? |
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Definition
| group of receptors that recieve the signal from insulin |
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Term
| What are the G protein couple receptors? |
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Definition
| receptors that recieve the signal from epinephrine that initiates the flight or fight response |
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Term
What is a signal?
What is a receptor? |
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Definition
Signal is the molecule that binds to a receptor
Receptor is an integral protein that recieve the signal molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| the specific signaling molecule a reptor binds to |
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Term
| What happens when the ligand binds to the receptor? |
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Definition
| It causes signal transduction to begin by changing the cytosolic domain of the receptor activating the signaling pathway |
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Term
| What is the affector molecule? |
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Definition
| the signaling molecule inside the cell produced as a consequence of the ligand bind to the receptor outside the cell |
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Term
| What do all cells contain even if they dont have a specific receptor? |
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Definition
| all the internal molecules it needs to respond to any response |
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Term
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Definition
1.change gene expression
2. metabolic changes
3. movement toward or away from a stimulus |
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Term
How do G protein coupled receptors work?
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Definition
1.ligand binds to receptor changing cytosolic domain
2. change in cytosolic domain reacts with G protein
3. Activation of G protein through phosphorylation to GTP
4. activation of G protein activates an integral protein that is an enzyme
5. Enzyme makes second messenger that activates the response mechanism
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Term
| How do tyrosine kinase receptors work? |
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Definition
1. ligand binds to receptor causing change in cytosolic domain that phosphorylates it
2. the phosphorylation allow a protein to bind to it that recruits other proteins
3. This recruitment activates a signaling pathway |
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Term
| What is the definition of a hormone? |
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Definition
| a molecule that is produced in one cell that effects another |
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Term
| What are the universal characteristics of G protein coupled receptors? |
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Definition
| all have 7 transmembrane domains structured as alpha helixs |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of expenonentially creating molecules throught the process of the ligand binding to the receptor and initiating the signaling pathways |
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Term
| What is adenyly cyclase and what is its funtion? |
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Definition
Ephinephrine bind to receptor
Receptor activates G protein active G protein activates adenyly cyclase Which causes the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP Which is the second messenger |
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Term
| What is the function of Protein kinase A? |
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Definition
| activated by Cyclic AMP,Protein Kinase A phosphorylates other proteins on serine or theronine |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of a receptor to lose it ability to activate a pathway after it has activated previously |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes that take off phosphate functional groups off of phosphorylated substrates |
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Term
| How do you turn off Tyrosine kinase receptors? |
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Definition
| Through removal of transporters in the plasma membrane |
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Term
| What is phospho lipase C? |
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Definition
| G coupled protein receptor that cuts phopholipids and produce inositol phophate and diester glycerol |
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Term
| What type of receptor are insulin and Growth factor receptors? |
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Definition
| tyrosine kinases that phosphorylate substrate specifically on tyrosine |
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Term
| Where do G protein kinases phosphorylate? |
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Definition
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