Term
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Definition
-A misunderstood lyric
-Verbal typically takes backseat to nonverbal
-We hear what we want to hear, even if we know the right lyrics
-ex. "Like Tyson loves custom models" instead of "Like Tyson loves Cuss d'Matto |
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Term
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Definition
Visual image is retained on the retina after it appears
-Still frames are presented rapidly, images are blended together |
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Term
| MOTION PICTURE PATENT COMPANY |
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Definition
-controlled every aspect of the film industry
-limited length of films and actor IDs
-caused films to go to Hollywood-->led to rise of star system, introduction of feature length films, and construction of movie palaces |
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Term
| 4 IMPORTANT EVENTS IN HOLLYWOOD AFTER WWII |
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Definition
1.Rise of TV-diverted people from film, movie attendance fell
2.Paramount Court Case-Convicted studies of oligopoly, ended vertical integration
3. Red Scare-fear of Communists, blacklist created and many creative minds fired, Hollywood very left wing, discouraged creativity because people were scared of getting in trouble
4. Foreign Films more powerful-competition with foreign countries
**All four forced Hollywood to change its structure |
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Term
| VERTICAL INTEGRATION OF HOLLYWOOD |
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Definition
| where studios controlled film production (making the film), distribution (getting it out to theaters, marketing), and exhibition (showing it). After paramount case, they got out of exhibition by selling it off to chains |
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Definition
| – stations linked to overarching companies; costs were shared, network does the programming, stations share in the cost |
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Term
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Definition
-1950's;Reversed 1915 Supreme Court Case that didn't regard movies as press
-decided film was an important part of self-expression |
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Term
| FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS ACT/FCC |
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Definition
-Established Federal Communications system
-FCC regulates radio:
-need a license to broadcast
-had to serve the public interest |
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Term
| 2 SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT ON PUBLIC INTEREST |
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Definition
ELITIST: what is in the public interest is what is good for them: opera, Shakespeare, and good talk
POPULIST:What the public is interested in is good for them |
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Term
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Definition
| What you listen to at your own time in your own ways...leads to a focus on specialized audiences |
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Term
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Definition
| is a selection of a certain audience and focuses on that audience for the entire day with certain formats |
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Term
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Definition
| trying to attract a specific audience; goes hand in hand with format broadcasting (to accomplish narrow casting, employ format broadcasting) |
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Term
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Definition
greatly relaxed how many radio stations can be owned by any one owner....
RESULT=consolidation, more and more radio stations falling into fewer and fewer hands |
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Term
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Definition
| allowing people to listen to it anywhere |
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Term
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Definition
-National networks, bringing digital content with a subscription fee
-Free of advertising content, lots of different music available
-Make portable devices now
-Has engaged millions of audience members |
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Term
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Definition
| Stations owned and operated by networks |
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Term
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Definition
-Ended TV Euphoria when a player was given the answers and coached for suspence
-Led to the novelty of TV to wear off
-Led to criticism-->"TV is chewing gum for the eyes"
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Term
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Definition
1.Uplink-groundbased transmission which sends to transponder, which amplifies and retransmits signal to downlink (receiving dish)
3.Satellites are geosynchronous
4.Signals received by downlinks are then transmitted to each individual house with a satellite, to their headend |
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Term
| NETWORK-AFFILIATE RELATIONSHIP |
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Definition
-Networks and affiliates have contractual relationships where networks pay affiliates to air their offerings
EX)CBS has Survivor and they pay affiliates to play their show
-2/3 of programming comes from network themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| Very high frequency (preferred channels, 2-13); Ultra high frequency (lots are independent channels, 14-60) |
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Term
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Definition
| All of the media is melting together; internet used to be highly text based, now all media is converging there |
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Term
| 4 BASIC TYPES OF MEDIA SUPPORT |
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Definition
| 1. Audience directly pays for media, i.e. books, cds 2. Advertisements:advertisers are interested in size of audiences, sweep, and demographics (age, sex, location, income, employment [TV at night is aimed at the unemployed]) 3. Combination of 1&2: You pay for newspapers that have ads in them 4. Subsidized-Privately and publicly funded PBS & NPR come from government funding |
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Term
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Definition
| process of selection in news |
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Term
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Definition
-Sweep months are November, February, May: emphasis on local markets
-People fill out diaries of what they watch
-Help set local ad revenue
-Rating/share of local markets only calculated in sweep months |
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Term
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Definition
-Measures audience size by taking a random sample of 10,000 households
-Uses this sample to tell what all households are doing, and these TVs are measured to see what people are watching |
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Term
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Definition
| # of particular households watching a show/total number of TVs in the US |
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Term
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Definition
| # of particular households watching a show/# of homes with the television on at the time |
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Term
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Definition
anyone involved in selecting what is news
ex. cameraman chooses where to point the camera |
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Term
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Definition
| Media is a mirror, reflecting the world and its events |
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Term
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Definition
| Media is a mirror, reflecting the world and its events |
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Term
| 5 FACTORS FOR NEWS SELECTION PROCESS |
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Definition
1.News People a. Political Bias, b. Subcultural Bias
2.Organizational Pressures-a.Beat system, b.pack journalism, c. regularized phenomenon, d. Deadlines
3. Technology
4. Factors within the story (media interested in events, so pseudo events can be staged), they like a.drama (stories with a beginning, middle, and end), b. timely events, c. conflict, d. unpredictability/uniqueness, e. proximity (prefer things closer to home), f. personalization, g. good film (if it bleeds, it leads; importance on visuals and action)
5. Quest for large audiences-news is becoming more and more about profit and opinon versus a public service for the truth; less serious news around |
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Term
| PSEUDO-EVENTS IN THE MEDIA |
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Definition
| Staged demonstrations with the news media in mind, EX. press conferences, demonstrations |
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Term
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Definition
| they have to predict where news will occur; they have to operate effectively; they assign reporters to places where news is likely to occur in order to compete; put journalists at “beats” |
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Term
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Definition
-occurs because the reporters often rely on one another for news tips or are all similarly dependent on a single source for access (which is often the very person they are covering). A type of groupthink occurs
Sometimes they will follow an elite journalist, converging on a story |
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Term
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Definition
| It comes out everyday, regardless of how little or how much is going on |
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Term
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Definition
-People in the news media see the world in a certain way
-they have their own subculture: receive similar training, belong to the same societies, read the same periodicals and share the same ideas on what makes a good story |
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Term
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Definition
-Argued that media has a leftist bias (written by Ivy League liberals)
-This is true in some cases (environmental, civil) but big businesses are owned by conservatives that can dictate conservative news
-anchors are usually conservative, and make more money
-newspapers cater to the political bias of their audience |
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Term
ETHICAL NEWS ISSUES
People Only Cheat To Gain Self Appreciation, Usually Combined With Trauma |
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Definition
| 1. Privacy (ex. Celebrity weddings, funerals) 2. Basic Obligations to Fellow Human Beings (Should journalist get in the way of the story?, Being a good journalist vs. being a good being, ex. Alabama man almost sets himself on fire) 3. Conflicts of Interest (ex. ABC covering Disneyland when they're owned by the same company) 4. Media and Trials 5. Gifts, payola 6. Stereotypes 7. Accuracy of Information (ex. National Geographic digitally altered Ancient Pyramids) 8. Undercover Reporting 9. Checkbook Journalism 10. War Photos 11. Taste |
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Term
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Definition
groups that pressure media to have a certain type of content
ex. more children's programming, less religious bashing |
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Term
| PARENT'S GROUPS AND THE 3 S'S |
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Definition
-Parents groups regulate text books (largely right wing), censorship is a big deal in schools
-Keep children away from Sex, Swearing, and Satanism
-Left wing parents try to keep kids away from things that are culturally offensive (Huck Finn, Uncle Tom's Cabin)
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Term
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Definition
| We have certain rights that cannot e violated regardless of what the majority thinks |
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Term
| MILTON (And the 1st Amendment) |
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Definition
| Marketplace of Ideas-Government shouldn't regulate what is published because truth will always be victorious |
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Term
| JEFFERSON (And the 1st Amendment) |
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Definition
-concerned about having informed citizens for a stable democracy
-believed human beings to be naturally rational beings capable of making rational decisions
-wanted to give people the opportunity to have unrestricted discussion of ideas, provided by the press, to give them info to govern themselves |
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Term
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Definition
-wrote a famous essay on liberty
-3 pronged defense: 1. As opinion is silenced, truth may also be silenced. 2. Even a wrong opinion may contain an element of truth necessary to discover the whole truth. 3. Even if a commonly accepted opinion is the whole truth, people will hold it not as a rational but as a prejudice if they have not had to defend it-->defending an idea makes it your own because it forces you to develop reasons for believing it
EX) you go to college and learn about other religions and your belief gets stronger as you defend it |
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Term
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Definition
-wrote a famous essay on liberty
-3 pronged defense: 1. As opinion is silenced, truth may also be silenced. 2. Even a wrong opinion may contain an element of truth necessary to discover the whole truth. 3. Even if a commonly accepted opinion is the whole truth, people will hold it not as a rational but as a prejudice if they have not had to defend it-->defending an idea makes it your own because it forces you to develop reasons for believing it
EX) you go to college and learn about other religions and your belief gets stronger as you defend it |
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Term
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Definition
Combined ideas of Milton, Mills, and Jefferson; the government cannot force you to say anything or not say anything
EX) the government cannot force you to take an oath
-There's a self-correcting mechanism built-in: the truth will ultimately emerge |
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Term
| CONSENSUS DEFINITION OF 1st AMENDMENT |
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Definition
-Absolutists believe it should be taken literally, but...
-Consensus definition says that some restrictions are necessary but no restrictions are allowed simply because speech is unpopular |
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Term
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Definition
| -The Bill of Rights and the Amendments protect us from this, meaning that we have certain rights that cannot be violated regardless of majority opinion |
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Term
| EXCEPTIONS TO THE 1st AMENDMENT |
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Definition
1. Slander/Libel:falsely defaming someone's character, exposing them to hatred or injury; hard to do if you're a public figure because you have to prove it was a malicious act
2. National Security: EX) passing out anti-draft fliers, freedom of information laws, government can't keep secrets forever
3.Privacy: we have the right to keep certain information private EX) can't use name/face without consent
4. Contempt of Court: can't say whatever you want in a courtroom
5.Copyright/Trademark-things can be trademarked to prevent theft
6.False Advertising
7. Certain Political Statements: Can't legitimately threaten the government
8. Can't interfere with administration of justice: 1st Amendment steps aside when other amendments are in jeopardy
-Judge can issue gag orders on lawyers so they can't talk about certain things with the press
9. School Censorship:can't wear (gang related) clothing, swear in the classroom, regulation of teen web pages
10. Speech codes:related to hate speech for women, races, gays
11. Harassment: can't send threatening emails
12. Obscenity/Pornography: difficult to define/quantify, dealt with more locally , based on social harm criteria |
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Term
| KEY DEMOGRAPHIC FOR ADVERTISERS/TV |
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Definition
| 18-49; ideal person is a 35 year old women with children and money |
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Term
| (12) EXCEPTIONS TO THE 1st AMENDMENT |
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Definition
| 1. Slander/Libel:falsely defaming someone's character, exposing them to hatred or injury; hard to do if you're a public figure because you have to prove it was a malicious act 2. National Security: EX) passing out anti-draft fliers, freedom of information laws, government can't keep secrets forever 3.Privacy: we have the right to keep certain information private EX) can't use name/face without consent 4. Contempt of Court: can't say whatever you want in a courtroom 5.Copyright/Trademark-things can be trademarked to prevent theft 6.False Advertising 7. Certain Political Statements: Can't legitimately threaten the government 8. Can't interfere with administration of justice: 1st Amendment steps aside when other amendments are in jeopardy -Judge can issue gag orders on lawyers so they can't talk about certain things with the press 9. School Censorship:can't wear (gang related) clothing, swear in the classroom, regulation of teen web pages 10. Speech codes:related to hate speech for women, races, gays 11. Harassment: can't send threatening emails 12. Obscenity/Pornography: difficult to define/quantify, dealt with more locally , based on social harm criteria |
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Term
| KEY DEMOGRAPHIC FOR ADVERTISERS/TV |
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Definition
| 18-49; ideal person is a 35 year old women with children and money |
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Term
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Definition
| Spot advertising according to a scatter plan: buy a variety of spots and scatter them over a variety of different shows, usually a demand for separation between competitors |
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Term
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Definition
| One company (Texaco, Dove) would buy up all the advertising spots for one show, got to be too expensive and they had too much control |
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Term
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Definition
Federal Trade Commission (FTC) punishes false advertising, can make companies run corrective ads
EX) Ocean Spray juice advertised more food energy when they actually had fewer calories
-Protects logos and brand names |
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Term
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Definition
| Federal Communications Commission; can run counter ads; if ads deal with things of public importance (cigarettes) they can force room for retort ads that can tell the other side of the story |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Rational Appeal, 2. Testimonials, 3. Fear, 4. Competitive Ads, 5. Aim ad at kids, 6. Make Provocative, 7. Music, 8. Virtual ads, 9. Internet, 10. Infomercials, Superbowl |
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Term
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Definition
| (surface) to inform and get information about the world |
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Term
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Definition
| (Hidden/unintended) EX) Maybe the couple is having a problems so they use the radio as a way not to talk to one another, could be subconscious |
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Term
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Definition
| a political reform driven by public muck-raking: reporters would expose misconduct, fight corruption and exploitation-->led to higher circulation |
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Term
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Definition
Rich men who founded papers on sensationalism (yellow journalism)
Ex. Hearst and his stories of the Spanish American War |
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Term
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Definition
-In 1833, they sold the NY sun for One Cent, this began the trend of newspaper boys, made for a truly mass medium
-also led to the profession of news gathering |
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Term
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Definition
| You should be able to print what is true, even if it's criticizing a government official |
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Term
| (5) RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BOOKS |
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Definition
1. Television: if author appears on TV, book sales increase (Oprah's book club has a huge impact
2. Where we buy books: used to buy them at independent book stores, now we go to chains, grocery stores, online
3. Harry Potter books:really helped the publishing industry, helped kids books because reading was cool again.
4. Internet: e-books sell poorly because reading is enjoyed as a physical thing, Google has book databases
5.Decline in Book Sales: Younger people are attracted to visual media; some worry our nation's literacy rate is falling |
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Term
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Definition
| G.W. Griffith pioneered natural acting styles, important editing skills as well |
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Term
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Definition
1927-Sound was a revolutionary technological invention
-Jazz singer was the first movie: it was bad, but it did well anyway; ushered in the Golden Era of the movies where all the studios made a lot more movie
-the nature of comedy changed; some actors couldn't make the transition |
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Term
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Definition
-show the more artistic side of filmmaking outside of Hollywood, more provocative and thought provoking
-Now big studios will make sub-studios for them
-Cheaper to make, attracts more specialized and mature audiences
EX) Little Miss Sunshine, Notes on a Scandal |
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Term
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Definition
-Film studios originally scared b/c they thought people would just wait for movies to go on video
-2 ways to sell: to stores for $100 or directly to the people for $20 (this type called sell through)
-Studios make over twice as much with videos b/c of all the different outlets that they can sell to |
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Term
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Definition
| Interference on the airways; stations' programs interfered with one another |
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Term
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Definition
| used for transmitting radio waves |
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Term
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Definition
| Distribution center getting signals from the downlinks and pushes it to homes through cables |
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Term
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Definition
Made by the location itself
EX) local news, kids shows, local talk shows |
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Term
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Definition
Advertisement so good that you hopefully instantly send it to 50 friends
EX) Burger King ads had 50 million people pass it on |
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Term
| HOW ARE AMERICAN VALUES SHAPED BY THE MASS MEDIA? (YES) |
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Definition
**Media institutions are key elements in the modern capitalistic order
-Status Quo: only benefits upper class but is believed to be the norm, we buy into it and believe it to be normal
-Politics: media makes us think its all figured out, people are apathetic and don't want to vote
-Myth of Individualism and personal choice: individual freedom for privatism and consumerism does not equal freedom for all, if we don't think there's anything wrong we don't need to change anything
-Myth of neutrality: we think news is unbiased but its not, several stations give us the same opinon so we believe it to be truth, if the news says its important it must be
-Myth of unchanging human nature: people: blame problems on people and people can't change or look at alternatives
-Myth of Absence of Social Conflict: media eliminates controversial programs, tells you that there is nothing wrong
-Myth of Pluralism: diverse sources, but homogenous content, no qualitative difference |
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Term
| ARE REPRESENTATIONS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN ACCURATE? (YES) |
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Definition
Stereotype: generalization based on opinion of one individual within a certain group
-media has no diverse content
-black women face both stereotypes, and both can't be dealt with
-Homicide=less stereotypical, but still bad
-East/West side=showed poor in the past
-self fulfilling prophecy |
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Term
| ARE REPRESENTATIONS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN ACCURATE? (NO) |
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Definition
-Women of color are portrayed differently, as exotic
-Racial stereotypes are received negatively or are ignored all together
-say its majority white women because ads want to appeal to the majority
-appeals to women's sexuality
-just because a certain ethnicity isn't in an ad doesn't mean we don't buy the product
-ethnic magazines help, show different shades of color |
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Term
| IS ADVERTISING GOOD FOR SOCIETY? (NO) |
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Definition
-Doesn’t really tell us anything new about products, but instead, it acts upon our emotions to create anxiety if we don’t buy products
-We consume more than we need to, and still feel badly about ourselves
-Ads create an image, this is unethical because they're not selling a product they're selling an idea
-ads are powerful because they're everywhere, they neuromarket through incidental learning, they control content of what we see
-they portray unattainable lifestyles and call it normal, profit is more important than info (cigarettes)
-wealth seems ordinary: be, live, buy |
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Term
| ARE POLITICAL MILITARY LEADERS TO BLAME FOR MISINFORMATION IN TIMES OF WAR? (NO) |
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Definition
-We should blame journalists instead for not giving us good enough information about situations and thus leaving the government unchallenged
-A lot of dichotomous language was used (terrorism=evil, black and white, not pro-war=terrorist), this is bad b/c the public doesn't ask any questions
-Medias fault for not effectively investigating and criticizing war
-encouraged it by using "war on terror" terror is bad, thus war is good
-Bush admin actually handled things semi effectively
-People were scared, didn't want to cause dissent during hard times, used encouraging pics and told us it was going well. |
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Term
| SHOULD FREEDOM OF SPEECH EVER BE RESTRICTED? (YES) |
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Definition
-Absolute freedom of speech would very likely conflict with the precedents that have been set in the realm of creating “hostile environment law”
-Right of the individual is greater than right of free speech
-Hostile environment harassment law: language that makes someone harmful=legal action can be taken, for example sexism, racism, companies restrict speech to protect themselves
-author says we can't bring this law into schools and libraries because then we lose milton's free market place of ideas
-Communication Decency Act: regulation of internet, make it harder for children to access obscene material=this was proven unconstitutional but harrassment law is worse and that was passed. |
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