97% Ocean

2% Ice Caps

1% Ground Water

.01% lakes

.001% Atmosphere

Direction of wind in the Upper Hemisphere

Lower Hemisphere

Upper Hemisphere = clockwise

Lower Hemisphere = counter clock wise

Direction of ocean in the Upper Hemisphere

Lower Hemisphere

Upper Hemisphere = clockwise

Lower Hemisphere = counter clock wise

75-200m = 18C

1000m - 3500m = 3C

sinks in thw norwegian seadown, down the atlantic, up into the pacific and indian ocean.

Exchange rate 100 - 1000 years

Chem that are well mixed and not well mixed

Residence/Mixing time?

Residence Time >>> Mixing Time =uniform concentration

Residence Time < Mixing Time = Non uniform

LAKES

Residence time for any chemical cannot be longer than the water renewal time

Ocean Salinity

amount

Depth Chart

35 parts per thousand 35g/kg

[image]

Increase Temp = Increased eq. Constant = more products only if endothermic (gets cold)

Increase Pressure = increased eq Constant = more products

Ocean Acumulated Curve

Residence time

Ions

Recycled Curve

Residence Time

Ions

Ocean Scavenged curve

Residence Time

Ions:

Ocean Temp Curves

Low mid high latitudes

Acid Base Reaction

k name

Products are OH- or H+

k=dissociation Constant

Complexation

k name

components are assembly into a product

k= stability constant

Products are a breakdown of starting material

k= soulubility products

K High Ionic Strength = K

K low Ionic Strength =Kd

K>Kd = more soluable in High

K<Kd = more soluable in low

Henry's Law Constant Vs.

Temp

Molecular Weight

solubility

HLC increases with decreasing Temp

HLC increases with increasing molecular weight

Large molecules are more polarized = more surface area to interact with water = prefer solution phase

salt reduces binding energy means more gas in freshwater

(atm)[]

sealevel O2

1atm*21% = .21atm

eq is water surface

flows high to low so if

[A] in soultion > eq then fluxes to air and is super saturated

[A] in soultion < eq then fluxes to water and is subsaturated

[]decreases with increasing temp

Transport Velocity

vs

diffusion coefficint

film thickness

increases with diffusion coefficient

decreases with film thickness

Equatordue to upwelling, everywhere else is subsaturated

Lakes are supersaturated especially during spring

CO2, H3SiO4, NO3, PO4

increase with depth

Type of Shell Produced

Coccolithophorida

Foraminifera

Pteropods

Diatoms

Radiolarians

Coccolithophorida = Calcite

Foraminifera = Calcite

Pteropods = aragonite

Diatoms = Opal

Radiolarians = Opal

High g => high level of mixing

Low f => low loss into sediments

Residence time = 10^5 - 2*10^4

Cs/Cr very different from Cd/Cr

g around .7-0

f = .1

Residence Time = 10^4 - 8*10^5

Cs/Cr close to Cd/Cr

no g

no f

Residence Time = 6*10^7 - 1*10^8

Cs/Cr = Cd/Cr

Acids give H+

Bases recieve H+

HCl

H2SO4

HNO3

H₂CO₃*-> HCO₃^- + H⁺

HCO₃^- -> CO₃^2- + H⁺

H₂O -> H⁺ + OH^-

Rainy: low concentrations of ions are undersaturated with respect to CaCO3, CO2 added by decomposing matter causes further dissolving of CaCO3

Arid: High ion concentration and are supersatured with respect to CaCO3

Physical Weathering - wind abrasion, ice, plant rooots

Chemical Weathering - Dissolved species into water

Chemical Weather is effect by

pH

Temperature

Water Flow

Solubility

Vegatation

pH: Low pH Increases weathering

Temperature: Increases weathering

Water Flow: Increases weathering

Solubility: high Sol. Increases weathering

Vegatation: Releases organic acids into soil and Increases weathering

Igneous - crystallization from melted rock at high temps

Sedimentary - Sedimentation in water formed by various debris

Metamorphic - Recrystallization of igneous and sedimentary at high temp and pressure without melting

75% of surface is sedimentary

Evaporites: 17%

Carbonate: 38%

Silicates: 45%

*Lower % is better for abundance

Si = 4+

O = 8-

Total = -4

More SHARED Oxygen is better in crystal

SiO2 is strongest

SiO4 weakest (most soluble)

highest: low & high latitudes

Lowest: mid latitudes

Rivers

Inorganic Particles

Major Dissolved Species

Inorganic Particles: Al, Fe, Si, Ca

Major Dissolved Species: Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, K+

Things that increase sediment load

Things that reduce sediment load

High elevation

easily eroded materials

heavy rainfall

large drainage areas & lakes reduce

formed by the desposition of phytoplankton and zooplankton, If not red clay than this or opal, Organsims that produces this are much more uniform  thus more distributed throughout oceans,

made by organisms that use nitrates and phosphate but not silica making them soft and easily dissolved in surface waters and distributed

some waters are under/over-saturated with respect to CaCO3 determining dissolving

dominate atlantic sediments

16% preserved in sediments

formed by the desposition of phytoplankton and zooplankton, If not red clay than this or CaCO3,

highly nonunifrom, near upwelling since silica is not recycled easily. most in equator, antartica and pacific. LEAST in atlantic

Ocean is undersaturated with repsect to opal so always will dissolve

Low Polarizability

Electrostatic Bonding

Na+

High Polarizability

Covalent Bonding

Cu+

[image]

[] Absorbed

Oxidation Number

O

H

Reduced travel =

Oxidized travel =

O2 = 0

O = -2

H = +1

Reduced travel = more -

Oxidized travel = more +