Purulent sputum

Gram's stain may show organism (60%)

Lobar infiltrate on CXR

Pneumococcus, H. influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis
S. aureus (CA-MRSA)

Cough prominent, ± purulent sputum

Gram's stain with PMNs, but few organisms

Patchy or diffuse infiltrate on CXR

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Influenza; RSV, adenovirus

23-valent vaccine for adults

7-valent conjugated vaccine for children

Both seem to be effective for preventing bacteremia, but not effective for preventing pneumonia.

However, the child vaccine does seem confer some herd immunity and thus reduces cases of pneumonia in that manner.

Immobilization of host cilia

Production of H₂O₂ and other ROS

Cytokine release --> bacterial clearance and it is part of the disease process

Infection leads to host production of autoantibodies (cold agglutinins.)