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UB - Lori Bendersky (NTR 108) Final Exam Review
Some handy flashcards that I composed which has everything you need to know for the Final Exam in NTR 108 with Lori Bendersky. Enjoy! :]
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Undergraduate 1
04/20/2011
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Term

THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM

 

  1. Components
  2. Function
  3. Nutrients Involved

 

 Definition

 

1. Components
  • Blood (Blood Cells, Plasma)
  • Bone Marrow
2. Function
  • Carry Waste (CO2, Urea)
  • Carry Nutrients (O2, Glucose, Amino Acids, Lipoproteins)
3. Nutrients Involved
  • Iron
  • Zinc
  • Copper
  • Folate
  • Vitamin B12
  • Vitamin K
Term

IRON

  1. Description/Function/Characteristics
  2. Deficiency Signs/Symptoms
  3. Groups at Risk
  4. Dietary Sources

 

 Definition

1. Description/Function/Characteristics

  • 10 - 18 mg needed per day
  • Component of Hemoglobin (RBCs)
  • Component of Myoglobin (Muscles)
  • Cofactor in Energy Metabolism
  • Actively Absorbed in Small Intestines
  • Stored in small intestines (if body has enough), liver, bone marrow, and some proteins.

 

2. Deficiency Signs and Symptoms

 

  • Iron Deficiency (low energy and pica)
  • Microcytic Anemia (small RBCs)
    • Stores can be measured through RBCs measurements or liver/bone marrow biopsies.

3. Groups at Risk

  • Menstruating/Pregnant Women
  • Infants & Children
  • Athletes
  • Vegetarians
  • People who have ulcers, wounds, or surgery.

4. Dietary Sources

  • Heme Iron
    • Meat, fish, poultry
  • Nonheme Iron
    • Tofu beans, whole grains, green leafy veggies, enriched flour (though poor source, a lot is consumed)

 
Term

ZINC

  1. Description/Function/Characteristics
  2. Deficiency Signs/Symptoms
  3. Groups at Risk
  4. Dietary Sources

 Definition

1. Description/Function/Characteristics

  • Trace mineral that interacts with Copper
  • Immune, Energy, and antioxidant function
  • Excess will decrease copper absorption
2. Deficiency Signs/Symptoms
  • Loss of taste
  • Failure to grow
  • Impaired vision
  • Impaired immune function
3. Groups at Risk
  • People with an excess of iron, copper, or dietary fiber
  • The poor
  • Elderly
  • Pregnant Women
  • Children
4. Dietary Sources
  • Found in foods high in protein
Term

COPPER

  1. Description/Function/Characteristics
  2. Deficiency Signs/Symptoms
  3. Groups at Risk
  4. Dietary Sources

 Definition

1. Description/Function/Characteristics

  • Trace mineral
  • Important in iron and energy metabolism and acts as an antioxidant enzyme
  • Absorbed in the stomach and upper small intestine
  • Less absorption with higher intake
  • Liver turns excess into bile
  • Excess copper decreases zinc absorption
2. Deficiency Signs/Symptoms
  • Microcytic Anemia
  • Wilson's Disease:
    • Genetic disease
    • Copper builds up to a toxic level due to liver being unable to excrete copper from body
      • Symptoms:
        • Slurred speech
        • Depression
        • Liver failure
        • Anemia
        • Shortened attention span
        • Muscle stiffness
3. Groups at Risk
  • Those with too much zinc
4. Dietary Sources
  • Beans
  • Seeds
  • Nuts
  • Organ meat
Term

FOLATE

  1. Description/Function/Characteristics
  2. Deficiency Signs/Symptoms
  3. Groups at Risk
  4. Dietary Sources

 Definition

1. Description/Function/Characteristics

  • Water soluble vitamin
  • Coenzyme for amino acid metabolism and DNA synthesis
2. Deficiency Sign/Symptoms
  • Depression
  • Low DNA synthesis
  • Lowered immune function
  • Macrocytic Anemia
  • Neural tube defects in fetuses (spina bifida)
3. Groups at Risk
  • Smokers
  • Elderly
  • Alcoholics
  • Oral contraceptive users
  • Pregnant women
  • Chemotherapy patients
4. Dietary Sources
  • Enriched products
  • Green leafy veggies
  • Fruit
  • Beans
  • Breakfast Cereals
  • Liver
Term

VITAMIN B12

  1. Description/Function/Characteristics
  2. Deficiency Signs/Symptoms
  3. Groups at Risk
  4. Dietary Sources

 Definition

1. Description/Function/Characteristics

  • Water Soluble Vitamin
  • Largest Vitamin
  • Active in ileum
  • Requires many factors
2. Deficiency Signs/Symptoms
  • Macrocytic Anemia
  • Fatigue
  • Staggering (neural problem) - "Drunken State"
  • Folate can hide deficiency until it's too late and neurological problems develop
3. Groups at Risk
  • Those with pernicious anemia (lack of absorption/intrinsic factor)
  • Elderly
  • Vegans
  • Those with ileum problems
  • Those with Crohn's Disease
  • Bariatric surgery patients
4. Dietary Sources
  • Bacteria/algae from soil contaminations, fermented foods, or nutritional yeast
  • Milk
  • Meat
  • Eggs
Term

VITAMIN K

  1. Description/Function/Characteristics
  2. Deficiency Signs/Symptoms
  3. Groups at Risk
  4. Dietary Sources

 Definition

1. Description/Function/Characteristics

  • Fat soluble vitamin
  • Forms blood clotting factors and bone proteins
2. Deficiency Signs/Symptoms
  • Blood not clotting or clotting very slowly
  • Bones don't mineralize (weak bones)
3. Groups at Risk
  • Those with fat malabsorption
  • Infants
  • Those taking large amounts of nonabsorbable antiobiotics for extended periods of time
4. Dietary Sources
  • Bacteria in large intestine
  • Liver
  • Green veggies
  • Milk
  • Chic peas (Hummus)
Term

WATER, ELECTROLYTES, AND ACID-BASE BALANCE

  1. Components
  2. Function
  3. Nutrients Involved
 Definition

1. Components

 

  • Water

 

2. Function
  • Regulation of Body Fluids
  • Fluid Requirements
  • Prevention of Dehydration
  • Prevention of Hypertension
3. Nutrients Involved
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
  • Chloride
Term

WATER

 

  1. Description/Function/Characteristics
  2. Total Body Water

 

 Definition

1. Description/Function/Characteristics

 

  • Essential and major component in all organisms
  • Nutrient and Waste Transport
  • Waste Excretion
  • Acid-Base Balance
  • Temperature Regulation
2. Total Body Water
  • Extracellular Fluid
    • 40% of total body water
    • Outside and in between cells, in blood
  • Intracellular Fluid
    • Inside cells
  • Body regulates both extra and intracellular fluid by regulating ions (electrolytes)
  • Water is attracted to charged particles so body moves ions so water can follow

 
Term

SODIUM

 

  1. Description/Function/Characteristics
  2. Deficiency Signs/Symptoms
  3. Groups at Risk
  4. Dietary Sources

 

 Definition

1. Description/Function/Characteristics

 

  • Major cation
  • Very water soluble
  • Primary extracellular ion
  • Regulates fluid volume
  • Muscle and nerve contractions
  • Transports nutrients
  • Current Recommendation for Sodium Intake:
    • < 2300 mg/day
    • African Americans, hypertension patients, diabetics, and chronic kidney disease patients should consume < 1500 mg/day
    • Typical fast food meal > 1500 mg/day
2. Deficiency Signs/Symptoms
  • Muscle Cramps
  • Apathy
  • Loss of Apetite
3. Groups at Risk
  • Sodium lost when sweating or vomiting, excess sweating/vomiting can decrease sodium
  • Those on special diets like kidney/heart disease patients and those with hypertension
4. Dietary Sources
  • Processed foods (75% of U.S. food intake)
  • Table salt
  • Soft water
  • Soy sauce
  • MSG

 
Term

POTASSIUM

 

  1. Description/Function/Characteristics
  2. Deficiency Signs/Symptoms
  3. Groups at Risk
  4. Dietary Sources

 

 Definition

1. Description/Function/Characteristics

 

  • Major cation
  • Very water soluble
  • Primary intracellular ion
  • Fluid/Electrolyte Balance
  • Muscle and nerve function
  • Higher intake helps those with hypertension
  • Lost through urine
2. Deficiency Sign/Symptoms
  • Muscle weakness
3. Groups at Risk
  • Those with problems large intestine or kidney problems
  • Uncontrolled diabetics
  • Dehydrated peoples
  • Those with diarrhea
  • Those who take diuretics, steroids, or laxatives
  • Those with high levels (can be toxic)
4. Dietary Sources
  • Bananas
  • Fresh foods
  • Fresh fruits
  • Milk
  • Whole, unprocessed foods

 
Term

CHLORIDE

  1. Description/Function/Characteristics

 Definition

1. Description/Function/Characteristics

  • Major extracellular anion
  • Follows sodium and potassium
  • Moves easily across membranes
  • Lost in sweat and vomit
  • Component of stomach acid
Term
OSMOSIS
 Definition
  • Crossing of solutions through semi-permeable membranes
  • Water follows ions in order to equalize ionic concentration on both sides of membranes
  • Osmotic pressure is the pressure that draws the water through the membranes
Term

FLUID REQUIREMENTS

 

  1. Description
  2. Intake vs Output

 

 Definition

1. Description

 

  • Need at least 1 mL of water/kcal expended or 30mL/kg of adult body weight
  • Urine volume should be 1 - 2 L/day
  • Kidney can conserve water when intake is low
  • 200 - 400 mL/day must be made to excrete waste
2. Intake vs Output
  • Intake:
    • 1 L from fluid and food both/day
    • 0.2 L for metabolism/day
  • Output:
    • Skin - 0.5 L (1 Ilb.)/day
    • Breath - 0.5 L/day
    • Feces - 0.2 L/day
    • Urine - 1.0 L/day

 
Term
RENAL REGULATION OF BODY FLUIDS
 Definition

 

  • Kidney is the major organ responsible for retention and excretion of body fluids
  • Regulates water balance by altering sodium and potassium excretion
  • Primarily excreted in urine

 
Term

DEHYDRATION

  1. Effects
  2. Contributing Factors
  3. Symptoms

 Definition

1. Effects

  • Thirst
  • Fatigue
  • Reduced Cardiovascular Efficiency
  • Reduced Mental Function
  • Inability to regulate body temperature
  • Circulatory Collapse
  • Death
2. Contributing Factors
  • Sweating
  • Diet:
    • Protein
    • Sodium
    • Caffeine
    • Alcohol
  • Environmental conditions (weather)
  • Low intake
  • Medications
3. Symptoms
  • Headache
  • Lack of Concentration
  • Weakness
  • Lethargy
Term

HYPERTENSION

 

  1. Symptoms
  2. Incidence
  3. Risk Factors
  4. Treatment
  5. DASH Diet

 

 Definition

1. Symptoms

  • High blood pressure (above 140/90)
    • Normal BP: 120/80
    • Systolic: Pressure exerted on arteries when heart contracts
  • High blood volume
  • Poor kidney function
2. Incidence
  • 1/3 U.S. Adults
3. Risk Factors
  • Obesity
  • Cardiovascular Disease
  • Age
  • Heredity
  • Race
4. Treatment
  • Decrease sodium intake
  • Exercise
  • Limit alcohol consumption
  • Increase calcium, potassium, magnesium, and vitamin C intake
  • Diet
5. DASH Diet
  • Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
  • Rich in fruits, veggies, fish, and low fat dairy
  • Low in saturated fat
  • High in fiber
  • Low in sodium
Term

MATERNAL NUTRITION

 

  1. Optimal Weight Gain
  2. Vegetarianism
  3. Metabolic Problems

 

 Definition

1. Optimal Weight Gain

  • Maternal weight gain (Optimal - 25    35 lbs.)
    • Low weight gain can cause birth asphyxia, infections, illness, blood glucose/calcium regulating problems, lung or liver immaturity, or low birth weight.
    • High weight gain can cause Pregnancy Induced Hypertension, complications during delivery, and high birth weight.
  • If underweight (28    40 lbs.)
  • If overweight (15    25 lbs.)
  • Teens or multiple fetuses ( > 35 lbs.)
2. Vegetarianism
  • Vegans need to get adequate protein, vitamin B6, zinc, iron, calcium, vitamin B12 
3. Metabolic Problems
  • Heartburn
    • Small frequent meals with liquids in between
    • Avoid spicy/greasy foods
    • Increase dietary fiber
    • Avoid laying after eating
  • Constipation
    • Exercise
    • Increase dietary fiber and fluid intake
    • Don't wait to poop
  • Morning/General Sickness
    • Dry toast, crackers, small/frequent meals help
    • Avoid smelly foods
  • Gestational Diabetes
    • Increase in fasting blood glucose
  • Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH)
    • Increase in blood pressure, restricted blood flow to fetus
    • Can cause kidney disruption, edema, cerebral hemmorage, and convulsions

 
Term

INFANT NUTRITION

 

  1. Nutritional Requirements
  2. Possible Problems with Formula Feeding
  3. Solid Foods

 

 Definition

1. Nutritional Requirements

 

  • Greatest in infancy than in other stages of life
  • Infants Require:
    • Protein = 1.6 - 2.2 g/kg of bodyweight
    • Energy = 100 - 120 kcal/kg of bodyweight
    • Water = 150 - 170 ml/kg of bodyweight
    • Fat = Enough to meet 40 - 50% of energy needs

2. Possible Problems with Formula Feeding
  • May not have adequate nutrients
  • May be too diluted or concentrated
  • Risk of contaminated water
3. Solid Foods
  • Iron rich foods like cereal and pureed meat should be introduced first
  • Avoid:
    • Egg whites
    • Chocolates
    • Nuts
    • Unprocessed milk
    • Honey
    • Corn syrup
    • Unpasteurized dairy
    • Hard foods
    • Highly seasoned foods

 
Term
BREAST FEEDING
 Definition

  • Colostrom (1st milk made by breasts) - yellow, thick, contains immune factors
  • Mature milk requires additional nutritional needs for mother:
    • Energy = Additional 550 - 650 kcal/day
    • Protein = Additional 15 g/day
    • Fluid = 3 - 4 L/day
  • Advantageous for its nutritional value, low cost, and lowered risk for obesity of child
  • Barriers to Breast Feeding:
    • Lack of support by family/medical staff
    • Lack of knowledge
    • Perceived insufficient milk supplies
    • Returning to work
  • Lactation Guidelines:
    • Avoid foods that may bother infant
    • Avoid smoking, caffeine, and drugs
Term

CHILDHOOD NUTRITION

 

  1. Changes in Diet
  2. Nutritional Needs
  3. Concerns
  4. Common Behavior
  5. Assessing Nutritional Status

 

 Definition

1. Changes in Diet

 

  • Decreased growth and metabolism causes decrease in nutritional requirements
  • Promotion of food variety and low fat and sugar snacks
2. Nutritional Needs
  • 1000 kcal/day 1st year, 1300 kcal/day 2nd year
3. Concerns
  • Iron deficiency
  • Vitamin A, C, E, and calcium deficiency
  • Lead poisoning (can cause iron deficiency/brain damage)
4. Common Behavior
  • Apetite decrease
  • Food rituals and preferences grow
5. Assessing Nutritional Status
  • Weight for Age (< 5th % = underweight)
  • Height for Age (< 5th % = stunted)
  • BMI for Age (< 5th % = underweight, > 95th % = overweight)
  • Head Circumference (Infants)
  • Growth Standards

 
Term

ELDERLY NUTRITION

 

  1. Lifespan & Life Expectancy
  2. Physiological Changes Associated w/ Aging
  3. Factors Related to Aging

 

 Definition

1. Lifespan & Life Expectancy

 

  • Lifespan - Max # of years of human life
  • Life Expectancy - Average # of years one can expect to live
2. Physiological Changes Associated w/ Aging
  • Changes in GI tract
    • Lactase deficiency
    • Ulcers
    • Constipation
    • Gall stones
    • Glucose intolerance
  • Loss of teeth
  • Increased water loss
  • Depression
  • Confusion/Memory Loss
  • Decreased ability in creating urine
  • Lower thirst sensation
3. Factors Related to Aging

  • Physical Activity
  • Body Weight
  • Alcohol/Drug Use
  • Diet
    • Low meat consumption
    • High fruit/vegetable consumption
    • Moderate alcohol consumption
Term

ALCOHOL

  1. Absorption/Metabolism
  2. Recommendations

 

 Definition

1. Absorption/Metabolism

  • Absorbed mainly by small intestine (passive transport)
  • Absorption/Metabolism rates vary among individuals
  • Travels to liver through the portal vein
  • Travels to the brain within minutes if stomach is empty
  • Metabolism occurs mainly in stomach and liver
  • Almost fully metabolized (10% excreted in breath and urine)
  • Increases nutrient requirements by interfering nutrient absorption
2. Recommendations
  • Moderate intake to 1 - 2 drinks/day
  • None at all if pregnant
Term
FATTY LIVER VS CIRRHOSIS
 Definition

  • Both are form of direct toxicity
  • Fatty Liver:
    • Large fat droplets on a yellowish, enlarged liver
    • Liver holds onto fat and makes more fat
    • Increases triglycerides in body
    • Decreases fatty acid metabolism and VLDL release from liver
  • Cirrhosis:
    • Many large and small nodules
    • Caused by damaged liver cells
    • Scar formation
    • Decreased urea production
    • Increases blood ammonia
    • Can cause brain damage
  • Both caused by chronic/excessive alcohol consumption
Term
FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME
 Definition

  • Caused by constant drinking 1 - 3 drinks/day during 3 month period
  • Causes:
    • Poor maternal nutrient status
    • Poor nutrient transport to fetus
  • Effects:
    • Low birth weight
    • Short attention span
    • Delayed reaction time
    • Lowered learning capacity
Term

ANOREXIA NERVOSA

 

 Definition
  • Intensive fear of gaining weight/fat
  • Refusal to maintain body weight
  • Altered self-appearance
  • Absence of 3 or more menstrual cycles (amenorrhea)
  • Appearance:
    • Emaciated
    • Rough, dry, cold skin
    • Loss of hair
    • Loss of teeth
  • Psychological Profile:
    • Competitive
    • Self-Obsessive
    • High standards
    • Overprotective and over-involved family
  • Nutritional Therapy:
    • Increase food intake slowly & gradually (+ 200 kcal/day)
    • Change food habits
    • Decrease exercise
Term
BULIMIA
 Definition

  • Binge eating followed by purging
  • Could consume up to 20,000 kcal in a span of 8 hrs
  • Prevalent in single white women who are near ideal body weight and have had a history of unsuccessful dieting
  • Diagnosis:
    • Constant concern of body image
    • Binge eating 2 - 3 times/week for 3 months
    • Lack of self control when binge eating
    • Purging by vomitting, using diuretics/laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercising
  • Appearance:
    • Normal weight
    • Rapid changes in weight
  • Psychological Profile:
    • Perfectionist
    • Low self esteem
    • Depressed
    • Passive
    • Aware of abnormal behavior
    • Disengaged and permissive family
  • Nutritional Therapy:
    • Develop normal eating habits
    • Plan meals
    • Keep food diaries
    • Maintain constant bodyweight and food intake
    • Realizing when they're full
Term
BINGE EATING
 Definition

  • A.K.A. Compulsive Overeating
  • Binge eating without purging
  • Diagnosis:
    • Binge eating for 2 days/week
    • Out of control eating, even when not hungry
    • Eating alone
    • Shameful about how much they eat
  • Appearance:
    • Overweight/Obese
  • Psychological Profile:
    • Low self esteem
    • Depressed
  • Nutritional Therapy:
    • Weight loss
    • Lifestyle changes
    • Develop and maintain normal eating habits
    • Realizing when they're full
Term

NUTRITION AND EXERCISE

 

  1. Benefits of Physical Activity
  2. Fluid Intake
 Definition

1. Benefits of Physical Activity

  • Improved:
    • Mental outlook/capacity
    • Self-image
    • Self-confidence
  • Increased:
    • Lean Body Mass (decrease body fat)
    • Bone Mass
    • Heart/Lung/Muscle Function
  • Reduced Risk For:
    • Cardiovascular Disease
    • Hypertension
    • Diabetes
    • Cancer
2. Fluid Intake
  • Fluids are needed to keep body cool
  • Thirst isn't reliable indicator of need
  • 2 cups of water/lb lost
  • Not a lot before workout (250 mL)
Term
ANAEROBIC VS AEROBIC METABOLISM
 Definition

  • Anaerobic:
  • Without oxygen
  • Increased muscle mass and strength
  • Aerobic:
    • With oxygen
    • Increased cardio fitness
    • Complete metabolism of CO2
    • Used for Fatty Acid Oxidation
Term
ENERGY SOURCES DURING EXERCISE
 Definition

  • ATP is primary fuel for muscle contraction
  • PhosphoCreatine is short term energy store for regeneration of ATP
  • Glucose is used from inside muscles/blood to supply energy for ATP regeneration (high intensity exercise)
    • Glycolysis -  Glucose metabolism during anaerobic metabolism
  • Fat/Fatty Acids can be used for ATP regeneration (low intensity exercise, aerobic)
  • Small amounts of Protein and Amino Acids can be used for both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
Term
FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD
 Definition

  • Females who train strenuously
  • Can cause amenorrhea, disordered eating habits, osteoporosis
  • Common among adolescent dancers, gymnasts, and long distance runners
Term

UNDERNUTRITION

 

  1. Programs
  2. Food Insecurity

 

 Definition

1. Programs

 

  • Food Stamp Program:
    • Debit card for food purchases
  • WIC:
    • Coupons for purchase of special foods (infant formulas)
    • Nutrition Education
  • TEFAP:
    • Distribution of USDA Food Commodities
    • Federal program that helps supplement diets of low income American families and elderly
    • Provides emergency food and nutrition for free
  • Congregate Meals:
    • Free noon meal for elderly
  • School Breakfast Program:
    • Free/reduced cost breafast
2. Food Insecurity
  • Condition of anxiety about running out of food or money to buy food

 
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