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| US military base in Hawaii, attacked by Japan in 1941, attacked because US cut of oil supply to Japan, this attack was the reason that the US entered WWII |
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| Germany, Italy, and Japan signed a mutual defense treaty – Tripartite Pact, their goal was to keep US out of war, made an agreement to come to each others defense in case of attack, if US were to attack, they’d be fighting a two-ocean war |
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| were brought together by the Atlantic Charter, made up of all countries opposed to Axis powers, main powers were France, Britain, and the US. Atlantic Charter paved way for the future United Nations |
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| The mass evacuation and relocation of Japanese Americans based on fear and prejudice of the Americans that they were Japanese spies sabotaging society, claimed they were a threat to the national security, they were prison camps. No evidence was ever found |
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| The government decided their policy of evacuating Japanese Americans to camps was justified on the basis of military necessity, after the war Japanese American Citizens League pushed govt. to compensate for their lost property and only got $38 million, wasn’t til Reagan that they were fully compensated ($20,000 each) |
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| 1896 S.C. case that upheld state laws allowing segregation – “Separate but equal”, claimed racial segregation did not violate the 14th amendment, allowed Jim Crow laws to separate races in the south |
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| S.C. case that required under the 6th amendment that every person charged with a crime has the right to free legal counsel if they are unable to afford their own attorneys |
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| S.C. case that required all police forces to read the suspects their rights before questioning, brought to the S.C. by the fact that Ernesto Miranda was arrested based on confessions he gave when he didn’t know he was allowed a legal counsel |
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| Began right after the US destroyed Japan at the Battle of Midway (turning point for US in pacific war), US strategy of winning back territory from Japan attacking from island to island to get closer to Japan |
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| Only used after US had already won back all the other islands from Japan and was now facing the homeland, Truman’s difficult decision on whether or not to use it and bring end to the war with minimal US casualties, dropped on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, completely desolated and destroyed the cities, killed 200,000 people, lead to Japan’s formal surrender and final end to the war. |
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| directed by American scientists Oppenheimer, the development of the atomic bomb, best kept secret of the war, 600,000 Americans were involved w/ out even knowing its purpose, first tested in New Mexico and it was tremendously successful |
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| Post-WWII tension between the United States and USSR, Stalin promised free elections in all parts of Eastern Europe USSR had taken control of after the war but never lived up to this agreement, Stalin set up satellite nations in Eastern Europe countries and claimed communism and capitalism were incompatible and another war was inevitable, US proposed containment to all countries in need. This cold war never directly confronted each other on the battlefield, but would dominate world affairs from 1945-1991 |
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| $400 million in economic and military aid for Greece and Turkey, aimed at helping those countries who were resisting communist aggression, important in keeping the Soviet influence from spreading |
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| US policy in which the US took measures to prevent any extension of communist rule to other countries, guided Truman’s administration’s foreign policy, divided Europe into 2 political regions – Western democracy and Eastern communism (iron curtain) |
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| US aid to all European nations that needed it, directed against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos, revived the European hopes, Western Europe flourished and communism lost its appeal to voters |
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
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| brought about by the Berlin blockade, organization of Western European nations and the US in 1949 to form a defensive military alliance, each country pledged to support any member that was attacked, first peacetime US alliance |
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| Berlin Blockade and airlift |
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| Stalin closed all highways and rail routes to West Berlin, no fuel or food could reach that part of the city and the residents only had enough food for 5 weeks. American & British planes flew 2.3 million tons of food and supplies into West Berlin, boosted American prestige around the world and caused Soviets to lift the blockade |
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| Western part of Germany officially became a new nation (Federal Republic of Germany/West Germany), it included West Berlin, which also caused the Soviets to create the German Democratic republic called East Germany that included East Berlin |
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| Flow of Soviet weapons to Cuba including nuclear missiles, Kennedy responded with a warning that US would trigger an all-out attacked if any missiles were launched from Cuba, terrifying possibility of nuclear war for six days, US navy quarantined Cuba, Khrushchev offered to remove missiles in return for Americans not to invade Cuba and secretly agreeing to remove missiles in Turkey |
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| A concrete wall topped with barbed wire to prevent East Berlin citizens from feeling to West Berlin, 3 million had fled in the 11 years since the division, further aggravated cold war tensions, |
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| Soviets put the first human in space, challenged Kennedy to Surpass soviets by sending a man to the moon, it began the consistent battle between the US and USSR to advance their countries the most in science, technology and space, paved way for new industries and technologies |
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| Iraq claimed oil-rich Kuwait was part of Iraq and invaded a disputed area in 1990, looting Kuwait and headed towards Saudi Arabia and its oil fields, Bush organized an international coalition against Iraqi aggression and with the support of Congress and the UN he launched Operation Desert Strom to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi control, launched a massive air strike and ground defense against Iraq and liberated Kuwait in a number of days |
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| President Reagan had approved the sale of arms to Iran (despite the fact he urged allies not to sell arms to Iran and claimed to US public he never would) in exchange for the promised release of seven American hostages in Lebanon by Iranian terrorists. Reagan then used the profits from those illegal arms sales to aid the Contras in Nicaragua, which directly violated the Boland Amendment |
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| Americans aided France against Indochina war to fight spread of communism |
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| Republic of Korea in the south, Democratic People’s republic of Korea in the north, Soviets backed NK with tanks, airplanes and money, and NK surprise attacked SK, Truman sent troops to SK’s aid under MacArthur’s command, Chinese came to NK aid because Americans were pushing NK too far back to Chinese border and they pushed US troops out of NK |
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| Ongoing battle between Israel and the other Arab nations over whose territory Israel is, because each country claims a different piece is rightfully theirs |
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| Because so much manufacturing was done overseas because it was cheaper, 80% of Americans were teachers, lawyers, medical professionals, etc., downsizing and hiring temps became common to increase profits |
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| Blue collar/white collar jobs |
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| blue-collar are workers who take part in manual labor that is usually industrially related, while white-collar jobs are workers in the corporate or managerial sector of businesses |
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| Military integration/segregation |
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| AA worked in segregated units, limited to noncombat roles, but did finally see combat in 1943 after protests, Mexican-Americans suffered 1/5 of LA’s wartime casualties, Many African Americans objected that they didn’t want to fight for democracy in other nations when they didn’t even have it in America |
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| Faced exploitation and discrimination in the work place, often treated very poorly and abusively, ridiculed for taking American jobs |
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| War crimes trials at Nuremberg & Tokyo |
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| 24 surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial for crimes against humanity, peace, and war crimes, defendants included Hitler’s most trusted officials, govt. ministers, and military leaders, 12 were sentenced to death, 1,100 Japanese leaders (including Tojo himself) were sentenced to death, charged with atrocities against civilians or prisoners of war |
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| Program in which Mexicans were allowed to enter the US on a short term basis to harvest crops because of the fact that agricultural labors were at a shortage due to WWII draft, when their employment ended they were supposed to return back to Mexico but many stayed illegally, and even more migrated illegally |
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| believed that farm workers had to unionize and strengthen as a unit to bargain as a group for better rights, pay, and benefits, established the National Farm Workers Association and later the United Farm Workers (UFW) |
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| United Farm Workers (UFW) |
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| organized by Cesar Chavez, organization that fought for better pay and benefits for Mexican-American citizens in the agricultural industry, insisted that CA accept their union, went on a grape boycott and eventually won better pay and benefits |
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| overrode the presidents veto, overturned many of the rights won by unions under the New Deal, prevented unions from collective bargaining and striking, tremendous intrusion of free speech/worker’s rights |
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| rock ‘n’ roll became extremely popular, became popular amongst teens, simple melodies and lyrics that appealed to teenagers across the country, condemned by adults because they claimed it lead to teenage delinquency and immorality. |
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| an international peacekeeping organization to which most nations in the world belong, founded in 1945 to promote world peace, security, and economic development |
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| a national banking system, established in 1913, that controls the US money supply and availability of credit in the country, |
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| the idea that if a nation falls under communist control, nearby nations will also fall under communist control, Eisenhower’s justification for aiding the French against the Vietminh |
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| 1963 Treaty in which the US and USSR agreed not to conduct nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, this helped ease cold war tensions after the Berlin Wall and Cuban Missile crisis |
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| A law limiting a president’s rights to send troops into battle without consulting Congress, came about by the extreme disapproval and resentment that the Vietnam War caused |
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| Nixon’s flexible approach to dealing with Communist nations and aimed at easing Cold War tensions. One way he eased tensions included his visit to communist China and initiating the SALT I treaty with USSR |
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| Organization of Petroleum Exporting countries, an economic association of oil producing nations that is able to set oil prices, based in the Middle East, cut off all oil supplies to the US during Yom Kippur war and quadrupled the price of gas, worsened the US problem of inflation during Nixon’s term |
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| Commander of Allied forces in the pacific island, responsible for the victories in Midway, Coral Sea, and the Japanese surrender, also lead US troops in Korean war, launched an attack against NK and pushed them to Chinese border, got in a major conflict with president over bombing China with nuclear weapons |
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| a truce or agreement to end an armed conflict, |
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| Environmental Protection Agency |
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| governmentally funded environmentalist group that was given power to set and enforce pollution standards, conduct environmental research, and to assist local and state governments in pollution control, helped get Nixon to sign the Clean Air Act and Endangered Species Act |
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| Department of Homeland Security |
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| A government body set up by George W. Bush to coordinate national efforts to combat terrorism, led to an increased involvement in aviation security, and lead to a war on terrorism, mainly brought about due to the attacks on Sept. 11, 2001 |
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| Johnson’s vision for America, a legislative program that would end poverty and racial injustice, he hoped it would create a higher standard of living and equal opportunity, gave aid to help public schools purchase textbooks and improve, changed Social Security by adding Medicare (hospital insurance at low cost for aged 65+ Americans) and Medicaid (extended health insurance to welfare recipients), building low rent public housing, establishing Department of Housing and Urban Development, passed Immigration Act of 1965 to open door for many non-European immigrants, passed Water Quality Act to clean pesticides and chemicals in rivers, and the establishment of labeling on products, safety standards for automobiles and tires, and Wholesome Meat Act. |
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| provided hospital insurance and low cost medical insurance for almost every American aged 65 or older, came about during LBJ’s Great Society changes to Social security |
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| Government system that provides those unable to work over the age of 65 with monetary assistance, included Medicare and Medicaid after LBJ and the Great Society changes |
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| A journalist, political activist, and ardent supporter of the women’s liberation movement, she helped found the national Women’s Political Caucus, advocated feminism and equality, encouraged women to seek political office and created “Ms.” magazine |
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| Wrote The Feminine Mystique, she pushed women in America to look for more than just to be a perfect housewife, she wanted equal women’s rights and opportunities |
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| Abolitionist, Educational Reformer, Labor Activist, Temperance Worker, and Women’s Suffrage advocate in the 1800s |
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| marine biologist, published Silent Spring which warned against the growing use of pesticides, argued that they were killing many birds and fish, became a warning to American citizens about the danger human activity posed on the environment |
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| Passed in 1972 but still needed 38 states to ratify it for it to be in the Constitution, would guarantee both men and women would enjoy same rights and protections under the law, was never really passed because only 35 of the 38 need voted to ratify it |
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| Eliminated the so-called literacy tests that disqualified many voters, also stated fed. Examiners could enroll voters who had been denied suffrage by local officials, rose the AA registered voters 50% |
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| Signed by Johnson, prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, or gender, gave all citizens right to enter all public & private accommodations |
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| 26 year old pastor who lead the Civil Rights movement, found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), organized sit-ins and other protests to advocate for equal rights, assassinated but helped the Civil Rights Act to be passed |
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| NAACP officer, refused to move from her seat, arrested and charged with a crime for not giving her seat up for a white men, led to a one year AA bus boycott and the eventual Supreme Court outlawing of bus segregation |
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| First nine African American students to join a desegregated school, were violently humiliated and harassed by other students, and led to Eisenhower federalizing the National Guard and forced them to escort/protect the students an entire year at the school, which asserted his great federal power |
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| President Nixon’s strategy for ending US involvement in Vietnam War, involved the gradual withdrawal of US troops and their replacement with South Vietnamese forces, |
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| Massive student protest against Nixon’s invasion of Cambodia to clear out North Vietnamese and Vietcong, led to the burning of ROTC building, National Guard fired live ammo on the protesters which killed nine people and injured four |
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| Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) |
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| A New Left organization that demanded changes in America, charged that corporations and large govt. institutions had taken over America, called for restoration of participatory govt. and greater individual freedom |
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| Vietcong’s overwhelming surprise attack on over 100 towns in South Vietnam & 12 US airbases and the US embassy, shook the American public and gave them doubt because they were being told the enemy was close to defeat, widened Johnson’s credibility gap, led to open criticism of the war and rose those who opposed the war to 40% |
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| US massacre of innocent civilians in the small village of My Lai in South Vietnam, they were searching for Vietcong rebels but found no sign of the enemy and decided to just unload ammo on more than 200 innocent Vietnamese, their Lieutenant Calley was convicted and imprisoned for this heinous crime |
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| Operation Rolling Thunder |
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| The first sustained bombing of Vietnam, done in response to a Vietcong attack that killed eight Americans, eventually more than 50,000 US troops were brought into the Vietnam War |
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| Not a formal declaration of war, but it granted Johnson broad military power in Vietnam, brought about by the alleged reports that Vietnam had fired on the crew of US ship Maddox |
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| Communist leader of China, gained support from the peasants, encouraged them to learn to read and helped improve food production, won the Civil War of China against the Nationalist party |
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| Created the Indochinese Communist Party, orchestrated Vietnam’s growing independence, formed the Vietminh whose goal was to win Vietnam’s independence from foreign rule, supported the Vietcong in attacking South Vietnam |
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| Communist rebel leader that took over Cuba, received aid from the Soviet Union, seized American businesses/oil refineries which worsened the US-Cuban relations, toppled American’s plans in the Bay of Pigs, responsible for the dangerous Cuban Missile Crisis |
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| Jimmy Carter’s greatest diplomatic triumph, meeting between Israeli prime minister and Egyptian president to discuss overall peace between the two nations, came to the first peace agreement with an Arab country, Israel agree to withdraw from Sinai Peninsula and Egypt formally accepted Israel’s existence |
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| President Nixon’s famous scandal that caused his presidency’s collapse, Nixon’s CRP members broke into the DNC headquarters and placed bugs in the office telephones, Nixon tried to pay off those involved to keep their mouths shut, Nixon is forced to release the tapes and is impeached as president |
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| US had allowed the Shah of Iran to enter the US for cancer treatment which upset the rebels and their leader Ayatollah Khomeini, who then seized the US embassy and took 52 Americans hostage, they offered to return the hostages in exchange for sending them the Shah but Carter refused |
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| A five year agreement between the US and Soviet Union during the Cold War, signed in 1972, it limited the nations’ numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles |
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| economic condition of extreme inflation and unemployment during Nixon’s presidency, result of Johnson’s policy to fund the war and social programs through deficit spending, international trade and flood of new workers also contributed to this problem, it also skyrocketed when OPEC cut off their oil supply to the US due to Yom Kippur War |
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| based heavily upon supply-side economics, comprised of increased defense spending, budget cuts, and tax cuts, helped boost the American economy |
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| Theory that stated that if people paid fewer taxes, they would save more money, banks could then loan that money to businesses, which could invest the money in resources to improve productivity, and then the supply of goods would increase and drive down pries |
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| President Nixon’s program to turn over part of the federal govt.’s power to state and local govt., he tried pulling away from Johnson’s Great Society programs and instead of telling state and local govt. how to spend their federal money he enacted revenue sharing which allowed the state/local govt. to spend their dollars however they saw fit within certain limitations |
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| late 20th century alliance of conservative special interest groups concerned with cultural, social, and moral issues, which included abortion, blocking the ERA, evading court ordered busing, and affirmative action |
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| strongly opposed by the New Right, |
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| Affirmative action/reverse discrimination |
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| Affirmative action required employers and educational institutes to give special consideration to women & AA’s, even though sometimes these people weren’t necessarily more qualified, it became a form of reverse discrimination because it favored one group over another, and represented an assault on traditional values |
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| Gorbachev’s policy of reconstructing the Soviet society, he called for less government control of the economy, the introduction of private enterprise, and steps toward establishing a democratic govt., this all led to better relations with the US |
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| Gorbachev’s policy that allowed for open criticism of the Soviet govt. and took steps toward freedom of the press, it means “openness” in Russian |
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| University students in China who were demanding freedom of speech and a larger voice in govt. held marches that grew into huge demonstrations, military was ordered to crush the protestors |
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| Impeachment of President Clinton |
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| When being investigated for improperly using money from a land deal with Whitewater Development Company, Clinton allegedly lied under oath about having an improper relationship with a young White House intern, he was then in the process of being impeached for obstruction of justice but the trial fell short of 67 votes required to convict him |
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| Al Gore had won the popular vote by more than 500,000 voters, however Bush still won the election by just over 500 votes, but Gore kept calling for a recount which sparked controversy and scandal, therefore it never happened |
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| US body of people representing each state in the US who formally cast votes for the election the president |
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| North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA) |
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| Legislation under Clinton that would bring Mexico into the free trade zone that the US and Canada had already formed, was supposed to strengthen all three economies but instead it transferred American jobs to Mexico where the wages were lower, and harm to the environment because Mexico’s weaker antipollution laws |
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| Nixon’s Southern Strategy |
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| Nixon’s attempt to attract southern conservative Democrats by appealing to their unhappiness with federal desegregation policies, he did so by slowing down the country’s desegregation efforts, opposed extension of the Voting Rights Act, stopping busing of AA’s to white schools, and winning majority in Congress |
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| The attacks, often unsubstantiated or justified, by Senator Joseph McCarthy and others on people suspected of being Communists in the early 1950s, became a ridiculous witch hunt and McCarthy lost public support with his bullying of witnesses and irrational accusations |
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