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| The policy of seeking land and trade beyond a country's boundaries to expand and improve upon national resources and economy. |
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| Manufacturing business first created in the late 18th century that concentrated all the aspects of production under one roof, reorganized production, and divided work into specialized tasks. |
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| A movement based on the ideas of Charles Fourier, a French social theorist who advocated cooperation, not competition. |
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| Work conducted free from constraint and in accordance with the laborer's personal inclinations and will. |
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| The idea advanced in the 1840s that Congress should prohibit slavery within western territories because it threatened republican institutions and yeoman farming. |
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| The name given to the drought-stricken Great Plains by Euro-Americans in the early 19th century. |
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| Coined by Alexis de Tocqueville in 1835 to describe Americans as people no longer bound by social attachments to classes, castes, associations, and families. |
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| The period during the late 1700s and early 1800s when industrialization caused tremendous changes in the lives and work of people in a number of regions in the Western world. |
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| Contractual clause ensuring that the personal assets of shareholders cannot be seized to cover the debts of a corporation. |
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| Journalist John O'Sullivan's phrase, coined in 1845, to express the popular 19th century belief that the U.S. was destined to expand westward and has the right and God-given responsibility to do so. |
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| Combined impact of the rapidly increasing production of goods and the development of a transportation network to distribute them. |
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| A class of skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and developed machine tools for industry in the 19th century. |
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| The religion founded by Joseph Smith in 1830. |
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| Christian movement of the 1830's that believed people could achieve moral perfection in their earthly lives because the 2nd coming of Christ had already occurred. |
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| Utopian corporate work groups of the 1840's that organized as part of the Fourierist movement, in which all members were shareholders of the community as an alternative to capitalist wage labor. |
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| The practice of a man having multiple wives. |
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| Religious group derived form the Quakers that followed the visions of "Mother Ann", a cook from England, who advocated celibacy, work, and simplicity. |
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| Someone who settles on land he or she does not own. |
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| A significant invention of the industrial revolution that harnessed mechanical energy from high-pressure steam. |
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| Revolutionary mid-19th century technology that used an electical wire to transmit messages over a long distance. |
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| A reform movement to end drunkenness that urged people to abstain from the consumption of alcohol. |
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| A 19th century intellectual movement that believed individuals should look within themselves for truth and guidance rather than conform to the dogmas of formal religion. |
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| Communities founded by reformers and transcendentalists to help realize their spiritual and moral potential and to escape from the competition of modern industrial society. |
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| The social reform movement to end slavery and the slave trade. Held a variety of convictions. |
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| Latin for "before war"; commonly used by historians to refer to the period prior to the Civil War. |
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| A code of behavior that emphasizes personal honor and male protection of female dependents. |
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| A machine for processing cotton, invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney. |
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| Slave trade between states that continued after the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade in 1808. |
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| Used to express the dominance of cotton in the economy of the antebellum South. |
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| The sexual mixing of the races, esp. between a white male and a black woman. |
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| The offsprings of white and blacks. |
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| Owners of large farms that were worked by 20 or more slaves. |
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| A system of labor in which a slave was assigned a daily task to complete and allowed to do as he wished upon completion. |
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| A farmer who owned a small plot of land sufficient to support a family, tilled by family members and perhaps a few servants. |
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| Mid- & Late-19th-century culture during the long reign of Queen Victoria. |
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