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| An economic system in which nations seek to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by establishing a favorable balance of trade. |
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| A series of laws encated by Parliament to tighten England's control of trade in its colonies |
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| An English policy of relaxing the enforcement in its colonies in return for the colonies' continued economic loyalty. |
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| A person who has contracted to work for another for a limiteds period, often in return for travel expenses, shelter, and sustenance. |
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| A crop grown for sale rather than for personal use |
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| The transatlantic system of trade in which goods and people, including slaves, were exchanged between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in North America. |
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| The voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the West Indies and later to North America |
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| A conflict in North America between France and GB that ended with the defeat of France and the transfer sof French Canada to GB. |
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| An order in which GB prohibited its American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. |
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| A trade law enacted by GB in an attempt to reduce smuggling in the colonies in North American. |
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| A law in which GB established the first direct taxation of goods and services within the colonies. |
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| A series of laws establishing indirect taxes on goods imported from GB by the colonies. |
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| A clash between GB soldiers and Boston colonists in which 5 colonist were killed. |
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| The dumping of 18,000 lbs of tea into the Boston harbor to protest the Tea Act. |
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| A series of laws to punish Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea Party |
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| Temporary rule by military rather than civilian authority. |
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| Patriot civilian soldiers just before and during the Revolutionary War, pledged to be ready to fight at a minute's notice. |
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| Second Continental Congress |
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| The congress that approved the Declaration of Independence, and served as the only agency of national gov't during the Revolutionary War. |
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| Prussian captain and talented drillmaster who trained the colonial army. |
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| A French aristocrat offered his assistance in the war. He lobbied for French reinforcements and led a command in Virginia. |
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| General Charles Cornwallis |
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| Ended the Revolutionary War, confirmed US independence, and set boundaries of the new nation. |
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| The beliefs that all people should have equal political, economic, social, and civil rights. |
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| Gov'ts should be based on the consent of the people. |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| A document that outlined the form of gov't of the new United States |
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| A law that established a plan for surveying and selling the federally owned lands west of the Appalachian Mountians. |
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| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
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| A law that established a procedure for th admission of new states to the Union. |
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| An uprising of debt-ridden Massachusetts farmers protesting increased state taxes in 1787. |
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| A law that establisheds the federal court system and the number of Supreme Court justices and that provided for the appeal of certain state court decisions to the federal courts. |
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| Was appointed by GW as secretary of the treasury. |
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| The group of department heads who serve as the president's chief advisors. |
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| Bank of the United States |
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| Either of two national banks, funded by the federal gov't and private investors, established by Congress, the first in 1791 and the second in 1816. |
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| Political party known for its support of strong state gov'ts, founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1792 in opposition to the Federalist Party. |
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| Those who shared Hamilton's vision of a strong central gov't. |
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| A political system dominated by two major parties. |
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| A tax on imported goods that is intended to protect a nation's business from foreign competition. |
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| A tax on the production sale, or consuption of goods produced within a country. |
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| A rebellion by farmers because of the tax on whiskey. Hamilton deemed it necessarys to show the nation that the government can enforce the law. |
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| A refusal to take part in a war between other nations. |
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| The chief justice of the Supreme Court at the time. |
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| The placing of the interests of one's own region ahead of the interests of the nation as a whole. |
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| A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from US diplomats. |
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| A series of four laws enacted to reduce the political power of recent immigrants to the US. |
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| A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional. |
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| A struggle between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. |
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| An 1803 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional; this power became known as judicial review. |
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| The Supreme Court's power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional. |
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| The 1803 purchase by the United States of France's Louisiana Territory-extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains-for $15 million. |
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| The use of ships or troops to prevent movement into and out of a part or region controlled by a hostile nation. |
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| The forcible seizure of men for military service. |
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| A gov't ban on trade with one or more other nations. |
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| Andrew Jackson defeated a superior British force at the Battle of New Orleans after defeating Native Americans of the Creek at the battle of Horseshoe Bend. |
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| The 1814 treaty that ended the War of 1812. |
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| A truce, or agreement to end an armed conflict. |
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| Congress clarified that it had authority over interstate commerce. |
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| An 1819 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that Maryland had no right to tax the Bank of the US, thereby strengthening the power of the federal govt's control over the economy. |
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| A devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation. |
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| Secretay of State at the time. |
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| A policy of US opposition to any European interferences in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. |
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| An 1819 agreement in which Spain gave over control of the territory of Florida to the US. |
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| A series of agreements passed by Congress in 1820-1821 to maintain the balance of power between slave states and free states. |
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| John Quicy Adam's chief political opponent. |
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| Political party known for its support of strong state gov'ts. |
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| The practice of winning candidates' rewarding their supporters with gov't jobs. |
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| A law that forced Native American peoples east of the Mississippi to move to lands in the West. |
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| The marches in which the Cherokee people were forcibly removed from Georgia to the Indian Territory with thousands of the Cherokee dying on the way. |
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| An 1828 tariff increase that seemed to Southerners to be enriching the North at their expense. |
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| The political party formed in 1834 to oppose the policies of Andrew Jackson. |
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| Democratic candidate when Andrew Jackson could not run. |
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| Where federal funds had been deposited. |
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| Led the first of several groups of American settlers to a fertile area. |
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| A gift of public land to an individual or organization. |
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| Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna |
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| Mexican President at the time. |
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| The 1836 rebellion in which Texas gained its independence from Mexico. |
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| A mission and fort in San Antonio, Texas, where Mexican forces massacred rebellious Texans in 1836. |
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| Led the Texans in defeating Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto. |
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| The nation established in 1836 when American settlers in the Mexican province of Tejas declared and fought for their independence, also commonly known at that time as the "Lone Star Republic." |
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| To incorporate a territory into an existing political unit. |
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| US president at the time. |
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| American General ordered to march to the Rio Grande and blockade the river. |
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| Colonel ordered to march from For t Leavenworth, Kansas, across the desert to Santa Fe, New Mexico. |
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| The nation proclaimed by American settlers in California when they declared their independence from Mexico in 1846. |
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| The nation proclaimed by American settlers in California when they declared their independence from Mexico in 1846. |
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| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
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| The treaty ending the US war with Mexico, in which Mexico ceded Cali. and NM to the US. |
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| Established the current borders of the lower 48 states. |
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| One of the people who migrated to Cali. in search of riches after gold was discovered. |
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| A movement of many people to a region in which gold has been discovered. |
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| Belonging to the period before the Civil War |
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| A rule limiting or preventing debate on an issue. |
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| The formal withdrawal of a state from the Union. |
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| A series of congressional measures intended to settle the major disagreements between free states and slave states. |
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| A law enacted as part of the Compromise of 1850, designed to ensure that escaped slaves would be returned to bondage. |
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| A system in which the residents vote to decide an issue. |
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| Statutes that forbade the imprisonment of runaway slaves and guaranteed jury trials for fugitive slaves. |
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| A system of routes along whic runaway slaves were helped to escape to Canada or to safe areas in the free states. |
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| Conductor on the Underground railroad. |
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| A best selling novel that portrayed slavery as a great moral evil. |
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| A law that established the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and gave their residents the right to decide whether to allow slavery. |
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| A slave from Missouri who began lawsuit to gain his freedom. |
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| A debate between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas. |
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| He led a band of 21 men into Harpers Ferry and tried to capture the federal arsenal there. |
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| Lincoln won the election. |
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| A confederation formed in 1861 by southern states after their secession from the Union. |
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| President of the Confederacy |
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| A fort on an island in Charleston. The Battle of Fort Sumter jumpstarted the war. |
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| A three-part strategy by which the Union proposed to defeat the Confederacy in the Civil War. |
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| The first major bloodshed of the war. After the Union army gained the upper hand, Confederate reinforcements arrived and turned the tide into a first victory for the South. |
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| General Thomas J. Jackson who inspired the Confederate victory at Bull Run. |
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| General who was appointed by Lincoln to lead the Union army. |
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| Headed a union army invation into western Tennessee. In just 11 days, Grant captured tow major Confederate forts. |
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| A Tennesse church where the Confederates surprised the Union army, but ended up retreating at the end. |
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| The rifle, and the minie ball. Also used hand grenades and land mines. |
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| The bloodiest single day battle in American history. Casualties totaled greater than 26,000. |
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| Became new commander of the Confederate army. |
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| Emancipation Proclamation |
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| An executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln, freeing the slaves in all regions behind Confederate lines. |
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| A court order requiring authorities to bring a prisoner before the court so that the court can determine whether the prisoner is being held legally. |
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| A Northern Democrat who advocated making peace with the Confederacy during the Civil War. |
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| The drafting of citizens for military service. |
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| A gruesome massacre where over 200 African American prisoners were killed as they begged for their lives. |
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