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| 1215) a charter of liberties agreed to by King John of England, it made the king obey the same laws as citizens |
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| (1689) English document that allowed for a shift of political power from the British monarchy to Parliament |
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| a set of basic principles that determines the powers and duties of a government |
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| Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom |
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| (1786) a document that gave people in Virginia freedom of worship and prohibited tax money from being used to fund churches |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| (1777) the document that created the first central government for the United States; was replaced by the Constitution in 1789 |
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| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
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| legislation passed by Congress authorizing surveys and the division of public lands in the western region of the country |
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| lands including present-day Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; organized by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
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| a tax on imports or exports |
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| trade between two or more states |
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| a steep drop in economic activity combined with rising unemployment |
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| 1747?–1825) Revolutionary War officer who led an uprising of farmers in western Massachusetts that shut down the courts so that farmers would not lose their farms for tax debts. He was defeated and condemned to death, but pardoned |
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| Constitutional Convention |
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| (1787) a meeting held in Philadelphia at which delegates from the states wrote the Constitution |
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| (1751–1836) American statesman, he was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, the fourth president of the United States, the author of some of the Federalist Papers, and is called the father of the Constitution for his proposals at the Constitutional Convention. He led the United States through the War of 1812 |
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| (1787) the plan for government proposed at the Constitutional Convention in which the national government would have supreme power and a legislative branch would have two houses with representation determined by state population |
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| a proposal to create a unicameral legislature with equal representation of states rather than representation by population; rejected at the Constitutional Convention |
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| (1787) an agreement worked out at the Constitutional Convention establishing that a state's population would determine representation in the lower house of the legislature, while each state would have equal representation in the upper house of the legislature |
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| (1787) an agreement worked out at the Constitutional Convention stating that only three-fifths of the slaves in a state would count when determining its population for representation in the lower house of Congress |
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| the idea that political authority belongs to the people |
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| U.S. system of government in which power is distributed between a central government and individual states |
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| the division of the government that proposes bills and passes them into laws |
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| the division of the federal government that includes the president and the administrative departments; enforces the nation’s laws |
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| the division of the federal government that is made up of the national courts; interprets laws, punishes criminals, and settles disputes between states |
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| a system established by the Constitution that prevents any branch of government from becoming too powerful |
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| people who opposed ratification of the Constitution |
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| people who supported ratification of the Constitution |
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| a series of essays that defended and explained the Constitution and tried to reassure Americans that the states would not be overpowered by the proposed national government |
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| official change, correction, or addition to a law or constitution |
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| the first 10 amendments to the Constitution; ratified in 1791 |
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| to plead in favor of something or someone |
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