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| the first Americans who crossed from Asia into North America sometime between 38,000 and 10,000 BC |
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| the movement of people from one region to another |
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| a person who hunts animals and gathers wild plants to provide for his or her needs |
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| the climate and landscape that surrounds living things |
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| a group of people who live together and share a culture |
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| the common values and traditions of a society, such as language, government, and family relationships |
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| images of ancestors or animal spirits; often carved onto tall, wooden poles by Native American peoples of the Pacific Northwest |
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| a political confederation of five northeastern Native American nations of the Seneca, Oneida, Mohawk, Cayuga, and Onondaga that made decisions concerning war and peace |
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| money or property that is used to earn more money |
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| a business formed by a group of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses |
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| (1451–1506) Italian explorer, he was convinced that he could reach Asia by sailing westward across the Atlantic Ocean. He gained the support of Spain’s monarchs and commanded a small fleet that reached the so called New World, setting off a tide of European exploration of the area |
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| (1480–1521) Portuguese captain of a Spanish fleet that sought a western route to Asia via the “Southern Ocean”, he found a passage through South America, now known as the Strait of Magellan, but died during the expedition. His crew of 18 people with one remaining ship successfully circumnavigated the world |
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| a nonexistent path through North America that early explorers searched for that would allow ships to sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean |
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| the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa |
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| a Spanish soldier and explorer who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain |
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| (1485–1547) Spanish conquistador, he conquered Mexico and brought about the fall of the Aztec Empire |
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| (1466–1520) Emperor of Mexico’s Aztec Empire, he welcomed explorer Cortés as a god but was taken prisoner by him. He was later killed, and the Aztec capital was destroyed during the following Aztec uprising |
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| (c. 1475–1541) Spanish conquistador who sailed with Balboa on the discovery of the Pacific Ocean, he later pursued rumors of golden cities in the Andes Mountains of South America and conquered the Inca Empire |
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| (1713–1784) Spanish Franciscan missionary to California, he planned or founded numerous missions all along the Pacific coast and founded San Francisco in an effort to spread Christianity |
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| a system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and converting them to Christianity |
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| (1474–1566) Spanish missionary and historian, he became the first ordained Catholic priest in the New World and advocated for the welfare and protection of Native Americans as well as preached against the slavery system |
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| a large farm that usually specialized in growing one kind of crop for profit |
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| a religious movement begun by Martin Luther and others in 1517 to reform the Catholic Church |
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| reformers who protested certain practices of the Catholic Church |
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| a machine that produces printed copies |
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| a large Spanish invasion fleet defeated by England in 1588 |
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| an official document that gives a person the right to establish a colony |
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| increased prices for goods and services combined with the reduced value of money |
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| the process of growing or improving |
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