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| Widespread exchange of animals, slaves, communicable diseases, and food between the Old and New world. It occurred after Columbus landed in the America's. This exchanged introduced many diseases to indigenous people who had no immunity, so it depopulated cultures. On the other hand the exchange of animals increased the food supply and population for the old world. |
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| The idea that the introduction of plants, animals, and diseases by Europeans to settler colonies was an underlying factor in the success of the European colonization of the New World, and parts of Africa. For example, the conquest of the Spaniard Hernan Cortes over the Aztecs was aided foremost by the introduction of European diseases into the Aztec population. |
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| The idea that in order for the type of people who are successful cause of colonization you have many other people who suffer, such as Africans, women, religious people who don’t get success but there labor helps other people get success. Those who are successful are successful cause of the suffering of others. |
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| Small pox, Influenza, and measles had existed in Europeans population at low numbers but when they came into contact with indigenous people there numbers increased rapidly. The population decreased from 20million in 1500 to 2 million in 1 century. Conquest in Americas happen quickly cause of diseases. |
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| Refers to Spanish explorers who brought the Americas under Spain's control. Cortez brought Aztec's with 2000 people down with his 200 soldiers from better weapons, diseases, and military strategy of divide and conquer. |
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| Spanish were always outnumbered by indigenous people so the Spanish were encouraged to mix with people of the New World. Created people of a mixed culture mostly found in Latin America. |
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| traditional communities of Native Americans. The communities are recognized worldwide for their adobe buildings, which are sometimes called "pueblos". |
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| settles around civilization nearest to St. Louis, has about 10,000 residents. Trade with Mexico, has no real central authority so alot of small wars start on east coast. |
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| Comprised of Five Nations, the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca, nations. These tribe were very much civilized in the fact they had a hierarchy, and a calendar organized around religious and agriculture time. They were also very spiritual. They believed that there was a God that created what happened |
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| One of the differences between Europeans and indigenous people. There was no since of legal ownership over property. Tribe did claim some land but became very territorial so small wars broke out. Yet land was not something bought or sold it was shared. |
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| 1534--Henry has Parliament pass an act appointing the king and his successors supreme head of the Church of England, thus establishing an independent national Anglican church. |
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| British settlement organized by Sir Walter Raleigh. Between 1585 and 1587, several groups attempted to establish a colony, but in 1590 a supply ship comes in and no one is there and the only evidence that there was anything there was a word carved in a tree: Croatan. |
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In the latter part of the 16th century, there was a general movement in England to enclose the common land and waste land on which small farmers grazed their stock and to reduce the number of field strips used for growing crops.
The wealthy usually came out of it well but some of the smallholders and cottagers who relied on common grazing were forced to migrate to towns and cities to find work.
The process made agriculture more efficient but it changed drastically the way people lived in rural communities.
The process made agriculture more efficient but it changed drastically the way people lived in rural communities. The process made agriculture more efficient but it changed drastically the way people lived in rural communities. |
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| the first successful English settlement on the mainland of North America. Named for King James I of England, Jamestown was founded in the Virginia Colony on May 14, 1607 . Jamestown was founded for the purposes of a quick profit from gold mining for its investors while also establishing a permanent foothold in North America for England, and for religious freedom. |
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| During the 17th century many people from Europe came to New England for money, power but most importantly religion. the poor wanted to get rich, the rich wanted even more power and the majority wanted religious freedom. |
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| Also known as the Bread colonies the Middle Colonies became the states of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York and Delaware. The Middle Colonies had rich soil, allowing the area to become a major exporter of wheat and other grains.The Middle Colonies were the most ethnically diverse British colonies in North America, with settlers coming from all parts of Europe. With the new arrivals came various religions which were protected in the Middle Colonies by written freedom of religion laws. This tolerance was unusual and distinct from other British colonies. |
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| 17th century, 1/2 million people left England to go to British North America. 75% to 80% were poor young men. |
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| Vast majority of people who came to British North America are indentured servants in which they give there service for a certain amount of time (5-7 years) in exchange for passage to the New world. Treated as slave: not allowed to marry, can be sold, refer to owner as master, and they can be beaten. Most die before there term is up and even if they live most dont get land. |
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| Starting 1618 as an attempt to solve labor shortages due to the advent of the tobacco economy, which required large plots of land with many workers. It was also a way to attract immigrants. Virginian colonists were each given two headrights of 50 acres; immigrant colonists who paid for their passage were given one headright, and individuals would receive one headright each time they paid for the passage of another individual. This last mechanism increased the division between the wealthy land-owners and the working poor. |
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| the elected lower house in the legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619. Yet only the land owners could vote. |
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| Name of Virginia Indian tribe that traded with the English. There was a series of small scale massacres and then a small war but ends when Chief Powhatan gets his daughter Pocahontas to marry John Wolf. Native Americans realize that English are not just passing through so rebellion comes. |
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| Powhatan tribe rebels and 25% of the colony is dead. The English rebel back and massacre local Indians. After the uprising colonist have a great deal of autonomy. |
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| George Calvert wanted a haven for Catholics in the New World and in 1632 his son go the charter for it. However Maryland is a Protestant colony. |
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| a comprehensive series of laws enacted by the Colony of Virginia's House of Burgesses to regulate the growing slave population in Virginia. The Slave Codes of 1705 defined "slave" as "[a]ll servants imported and brought into the Country...who were not Christians in their native Country." The Code further provided that slaves would be considered by the law as real estate, not human beings. Also said that if the slave was disobedient and the master punished him to death the owner would not get punished. |
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| Arises in the 16th century in England. They believe that the Anglican church was to close to Catholicism and saw it as a morally bankrupt religion and wanted to purify the church. |
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| Brought up by John Calvin, believed there were two kinds of people: the elect chosen by God to go to heaven, and the damned those who go to hell.It was not possible for you to know which group you were in and good works don't matter, people who were calvinist were God like and had a high community. |
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| Congressionalist, wanted to seperate from the Anglican Church to remove corruption from themselves. They leave England in 1620 to come to Virginai but a storm causes them to get of course and the wind up in Massachusettes where they establish the Plymouth colony. |
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| Agreement that all Piligrims will obey "just and equal laws" made up by them. this is an example for future Democracy in U.S. |
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| Members of the church who had a one on one experience with God. They were the only ones allowed to vote. |
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| In 1631 he comes to Massachusettes and he believes that the colony should be entirely seperate from the church. He belives the colony shhould welcom all covens and that the Puritans are not the ones chosen by God. His views are a major threat to the Puritan society and to the colony so as a result he banished from the colony. He then goes to Rhode Island where he takes his followers with him. |
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| In 1634 Anne came to Massachusettes and held meetings in her home with men and women. She suggested that most of the clergy were corrupt and as result the church felt that her views were bringing down the community so she was banished and she want to Rhode Island. |
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| on May 26, 1637, when English settlers under Captain John Mason, and Narragansett and Mohegan allies set fire to a fortified Pequot village near the Mystic River, shooting whatever victims attempted to escape the wooden palisade fortress, killing the entire village of mostly women and children, in retaliation for previous Pequot attacks. |
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| a form of partial church membership created by New England in 1662. It was promoted in particular by the Reverend Solomon Stoddard, who felt that the people of the English colonies were drifting away from their original religious purpose. First-generation settlers were beginning to die out, while their children and grandchildren often expressed less religious piety, and more desire for material wealth. the Half-Way Covenant provided a partial church membership for the children and grandchildren of church members. |
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| Sermons about societies ills in consumerism. The church becomes far less orthodox. |
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| Uprising in 1680 in which the pueble Indians outnumbered the colonist and drove them out of Santa Fe. Very successful fight against the spanish. |
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| In 1609 the Dutch were trying to find a quick route to asia but they arrive in New York instead. |
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| was the area colonized by France in North America. It is bigger than the New Netherlands. 18th century |
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| Econimc theory of having more exports than imports. Engalnd wanted more money into England than going into other goods. England would buy raw goods form the Americas and sell them back as whole and finished goods. Way to get power over the colonists. |
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| British decide to take over New Netherlands in 1664 cause it is a major trade union. They rename it New York and respect the dutch diversites in the land except women have less rights. |
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| In 1663 Carolina is formed and is the biggest slave colony in the Americas. |
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| was a colony in British America founded by William Penn on March 4, 1681 as a place where all people can come. He was a utopian beliver, a quaker and he belived in equality for blacks. 1st serious group to condeem slavery. |
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| an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy planter. The uprising was a protest against Native American raids on the frontier, as well as policies of favoritism shown by the Royal Governor of Virginia, William Berkeley. It was one of the first times that poor whites and poor blacks were united in a cause. This was a fear of the ruling class, and it led to the hardening of racial lines with slavery. |
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| A.K.A Metacom war chief or sachem of the Wampanoag Indians and their leader in King Philip's War, which was an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day southern New England and English colonists and their Native American allies from 1675–1676. |
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| After King Philip's war the British dont trust the native americans so begin to slaughter praying indains women and children |
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| In 1688 when James II had a son there were feras og England turning Catholic. As a result William of Orange a Protastant was invited to take the thrown. James son fled to France and Parliament then let William and his wife Mary take the throne. This placed constitutionally significant legal and practical limitations on the monarchy. |
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| YOung girls get caught playing with what seems like witch craft and a slave titugon gets blamed for it. In order to free yourself you have to accuse someone else. In 1692 100's accuse there neighbors, 19 get hanged and one gets pressed to death by stones. |
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| He is purchased by a sea captain but eventually learns how to read ane write. He buys his freedom writes his narrative and settles in London. |
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| Trade during the 17th 18th, and 19th century carrying slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods between West Africa, the Caribbean or American colonies and the European colonial powers, with the northern colonies of British North America, especially New England, sometimes taking over the role of Europe |
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| forcible passage of African people from Africa to the New World, as part of the Atlantic slave trade. High mortality rate about 1/8 people die because of such little space that makes it possible for diseases to spread and little food |
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| People who own more than 20 or more slaves in the Chesapeake. They dominate politcs. |
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| Culture from Africa to North America. Slave population increases dramatically due to making. Most slaves speak English. |
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| are African Americans who live in the Low Country region of South Carolina and Georgia, which includes both the coastal plain and the Sea Islands. |
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| Republicanism/ Civic Virtue |
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| It was an ideology not a party about how people who are well of should participate in public lives. Belief in civic virtue saying to set aside self interest because you have what you need. |
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| Locke's Two Treatises of Government describes the mutual agreement between the govt. and whom it governs. Idea that Individuals will surrender freedoms in exchange to live in a society that is regulated by laws. Locke says there are natural rights that cant be taken or given up: 1) security of life 2) right to liberty and freedom 3) Right to property. Rights do no extend to all people because they can never be equal however it does condemn slavery and bring rights to women |
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| In 1607 Great Britain decided to adopt this policy in order to leave the colonies alone and let them govern themselves. Colonist get use to the idea of self govt. and it turns into a right and not a privilege. Colonials even elect officials to idealize republicanism. |
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| 18th century elites get together at institutes and debate the ideas about politics, govt. etc. Developed Urban Areas such as Boston and New York the elites would meet at clubs, libraries, coffee shops to discuss politics. |
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| N1735 NY accuses Zenger of libel however the jury acquits him because what he said was the truth and didn't constitute libel. Establishes the idea of freedom of the press for colonist. |
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| Developed in the 18th century and started in France to where people start to make decisions through rationality rather than religion. Meaning you collect data and then make a decision. |
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| Suggest religious beliefs with enlightened period. Speaks of God as a creator/ clock maker. He makes the world and lets it run its course so we don't have any real affect on what will happen. This idea challenges religious people and officials along with the spread of consumerism. |
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| periods of rapid and dramatic religious revival in Anglo-American religious history, generally recognized as beginning in the 1730s. Leaders such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield says it is possible to repent for there sins. Sermons are very appealing to the audience |
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| was a Spanish Franciscan friar who founded the mission chain in Alta California. |
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| a standpoint or area midway between extreme or opposing positions. Play French and Britain against themselves |
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| AKA French Indian War starts in 1754 where Britain and France struggle to keep a standpoint in North America. France keeps a stalemate in Cajuns for 2yrs but eventually the British push French out of the way. British have the most victories. |
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| Treaty of 1863 which gives almost New France to North America British and louisiana purchase goes to U.S. Great Britain and Spain are major powers now. |
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| A war launched in 1763 by Native american tribes who were dissatisfied about the British policies on the Great lakes. Warriors from numerous tribes joined the uprising in an effort to drive British soldiers and settlers out of the region. The Natives were unable to drive away the British, but the uprising prompted the British government to modify the policies that had provoked the conflict. |
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| The purpose of the proclamation was to organize Great Britain's new North American empire and to stabilize relations with Native North Americans through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier. |
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| Direct tax from Great Britain imposed 1765 in which all printed material produced in colonies must carry a stamp that is purchased from British authority. Offensive to writers, journalist and they shape the public opinion.Increase support for the need of representation. |
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| Delegates from 9 colonies come and meet up in 1765 to talk about the Stamp Act. They decide that without representation the nation was going to assert itself economically and boycott British goods. |
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| March 5, 1770 a fight breaks out with the colonist and the British soldiers. Five colonist die and the bad blood between colonist and the mother country continues. |
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| In response to the Boston Tea Party Parliament passed these acts in 1774: right of assemble is stopped (no private public meeting), and Quarter troops. This united the colonist because to them it seemed like a direct violation of there natural rights. |
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| First Continental Congress |
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| a convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen North American colonies that met on September 5, 1774 in response to the passage of the Coercive Acts. The Congress met briefly to consider options, including an economic boycott of British trade; publish a list of rights and grievances; and petition King George for redress of those grievances. It had no effect but by the time the Second Continental Congress was held the American revolution had started. |
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| Born in 1744 Massachusetts and grew up in New England; she taught herself how to read. She was married to John Adams and became very influential in the Revolution era. She is known for her March 1776 letter to John Adams and the Continental Congress, requesting that they, "remember the ladies" |
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| American colonists who remained loyal to the Kingdom of Great Britain (and the British monarchy) during and after the American Revolutionary War. After the Revolution many fled to Britain where they lost all their possessions. |
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| Remaining tribes in the east should go up to the Mississippi. |
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| Concept that women should learn how to read and write in order to teach there children |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| Ratified by the states in 1777. It put together a govt that would hold together during the war. Had a single house of common in which each state would have 1 representation. Congress cant levy taxes and cant create tariffs, and had to rely on states for funding. They could declare war and foreign affairs. |
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| The Ordinance unanimously passed on July 13, 1787. The primary effect of the ordinance was the creation of the Northwest Territory as the first organized territory of the United States out of the region south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River. |
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| an armed uprising in central and western Massachusetts (mainly Springfield) from 1786 to 1787. The rebellion is named after Daniel Shays, a veteran of the American Revolution who led the rebels. Most of Shay's compatriots were poor farmers angered by what they felt to be crushing debt and taxes. Failure to repay such debts often resulted in imprisonment in debtor's prisons or the claiming of property by the County. Seeking debt relief through the issuance of paper currency and lower taxes, they attempted to prevent the courts from seizing property from indebted farmers by forcing the closure of courts in western Massachusetts. Govt. sends 1000 troops to crush Rebellion. Important because these were non elites who rebelled and to the elites it shows Articles are not strong enough. |
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| Constitutional Convention |
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| Took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to address problems in governing the United States of America, which had been operating under the Articles of Confederation following independence from Great Britain. Although the Convention was purportedly intended only to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was from the outset to create a new government rather than "fix" the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the convention. The result of the Convention was the United States Constitution. |
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| Plan proposed by James Madison from Virginia to have a bicameral legislature determined by population size. *Virginia has a large population. |
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| Plan to have a unicameral legislature under the article of confederation to where each state get 1 representation . |
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| The United States Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787. It set the divisions of power between the state and federal govt. There was the checks and balanced system to where the President would control the army, and veto laws. Congress had power of the purse, declare war, deal with foreign governments, and the federal law is supreme of states. the Judicial branch can review laws. Slavery is ignored but the slave trade was abolished after 20 yrs. |
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| a compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives. |
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| Want to ratify the constitution. Madison and Hamilton wrote essay known as the federalist saying that its the only way to preserve the federal govt. Madison says U.S. is so diverse that there could be no tyranny(no majority view). |
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| The Anti-federalist Sam Adams and Hancock want a Bill of Rights. They need 9 states to ratify it. |
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| Hamilton's Economic Program(1791) |
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| Hamilton believes federal govt should fund the debt from the war. He belives in the Bank of U.S. which was charterd in 1791. It was used to create a stable national currency, in which it can lend the nation money and shareholders fund the bank. |
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| Strict vs Broad Interpretation |
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| Madison and others belived that constitution did not give federal power to create a bank(strict). Hamilton argues that the "neccessary and proper" clause gives Congress power to pass laws(Broad) |
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