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Typography
Chapter 2
46
Fine Art
Undergraduate 2
01/28/2009

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Term
baseline
Definition
an imaginery line upon which the base of each capital rests
Term
beard line
Definition
an imaginary line tha truns along the bottoms of the descenders
Term
capline
Definition
an imaginary line that runs along the tops of the capital letters
Term
meanline
Definition
an imaginary line that establishes the height of the body of lowercase letters
Term
x-height
Definition
the distance from the baseline to the meanline. Typically, this is the height of lowercase letters and is most easily measured on the lowercase x
Term
apex
Definition
the peak of the triangle of an uppercase A
Term
arm
Definition
a projecting horizontal stroke that is unattached on one or both ends, as in the letters T and E
Term
ascender
Definition
a stroke on a lowercase letter that rises above the meanline
Term
bowl
Definition
a curved stroke enclosing the counterform of a letter. An exception is the bottom form of the lowercase roman g, which is called a loop
Term
counter
Definition
the negative space that is fully or partially enclosed by a letterform
Term
crossbar
Definition
the horizontal stroke connecting two sides of a letterform or bisecting the main stroke
Term
descender
Definition
a stroke n a lowercase letterform that falls below the baseline
Term
ear
Definition
a small stroke that projects from the upper right side of the bowl of the lowercase roman g
Term
eye
Definition
the enclosed part of the lowercase e
Term
fillet
Definition
the contoured edge that connects the serif and stem in bracketed serifs
Term
hairline
Definition
the thinnest stroke within a typeface that has strokes of varying weights
Term
leg
Definition
the lower diagonal stroke on the letter k
Term
link
Definition
the stroke that connects the bowl and the loop of a lowercase roman g
Term
loop
Definition
the bottom form of the lowercase roman g
Term
serifs
Definition
short strokes that extend from and at an angle to the upper and lower ends of the major strokes of a letterform
Term
shoulder
Definition
a curved stroke projecting from a stem
Term
spine
Definition
the central curved stroke of the letter S
Term
spur
Definition
a projection -- smaller than a serif -- that reinforces the point at the end of a curved stroke, as in the letter G
Term
stem
Definition
a major vertical or diagonal stroke in the letterform
Term
stroke
Definition
any of the linear elements within a letterform; originally, any mark or dash made by the movement of a pen or brush in writing
Term
tail
Definition
a diagonal stroke or loop at the end of a letter
Term
terminal
Definition
the end of any stroke that does not terminate with a serif
Term
capitals
Definition
the set of large letters that is used in the initial position
Term
lowercase
Definition
the smaller set of letters, so named because in metal typesetting there were stored in the lower part of a type case
Term
small caps
Definition
a complete set of capital letters that are the same height as the x-height of the lowercase letters. these are often used from abbreviations, cross references, and emphasis
Term
lining figures
Definition
numbers that are the same height as the capital letters and sit on the baseline
Term
old style figures
Definition
a set of numbers that are compatible with lowercase letters; 1, 2, and O align with the x-height; 6 and 8 have ascenders; and 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9 have descenders
Term
superior and inferior figures
Definition
small numbers, usually slightly smaller than the x-height, used for footnotes and fractions
Term
fractions
Definition
common mathematical expressions made up of a superior figure, an inferior figure, and a slash mark. these are set as a single type character
Term
ligatures
Definition
two or more characters linked together as one unit, such as ff. the ampersand is a ligature originating as a letter combination for the French word et ("and") in medieval manuscripts
Term
ligatures
Definition
two or more characters linked together as one unit, such as ff. the ampersand is a ligature originating as a letter combination for the French word et ("and") in medieval manuscripts
Term
digraphs
Definition
a ligature composed of two vowels which are sued to represent a dipthong
Term
mathematical signs
Definition
characters used to notate basic mathematical processes
Term
punctuation
Definition
a system of standard signs used in written and printed matter to structure and separate units and to clarify meaning
Term
accented characters
Definition
characters with accents for foreign language typesetting or for indicating pronunciation
Term
dingbats
Definition
assorted signs, symbols, reference marks, and ornaments designed for use with a type font
Term
monetary symbols
Definition
logograms used to signify monetary systems
Term
old style, italic, transitional, modern, egyptian, sans serif
Definition
what are the 6 types of classifications for typefaces?
Term
6 picas
Definition
How many picas is 1 inch?
Term
12 points
Definition
How many points is 1 pica?
Term
72 points
Definition
How many points is 1 inch?
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