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typ II diabetes treatment
diabetes pharm.
48
Medical
Graduate
03/14/2012

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Term
insulin secretotgogoues fucntion
Definition
target b-cell , potentiating insuli nsecretion

increased insuli nsec ondarily reduces glucagon levels.
Term
metoformin function
Definition
decrease hepatic glucose output and lwoer fasting blood glucose levels

decrease hepatic insulin resistance.

will reduce hyperglycemia ut nto cause hypoglycemia.
Term
THiazolidenidiones function
Definition
target adipose as wel las msucel and liver, increasing peripheral insulin senstiivty.

binds ppargama, which increased trnascriptio nof genes encoding proteins mediating insulin actions (i.e. glucose trnasporters, FA trnasporters).
Term
a- glucosidasei nhiitors fucniton
Definition
target inestinal glucosidase reducing glucose absorption. - these glucosiades digest starteches etc. into absorable monosacchrides
Term
glp-1 agonists function
Definition
potentiate insulin secretion by binding to recpetors on pancreatic b cells. , glucason supresison, and slwo gastric motility
Term
dpp4 inhbiitors
Definition
incrase GLp-1 and GIP. by preventing degradatio nby dpp4.
Term
amylin agonists fucniton
Definition
slow gastric emptying ,in bhit glucagon produciotn. will increase satiety, and decrease postprandial hepatic glucose output.

Amylin
Term
Metformin, indications
Definition
msot often prescribed for patients with hyperglycemia due ot insuli nresistance.
Term
Metformin adverse effects
Definition
***severe lactic acidosis*** - due to decreased liveru ptake of lactic acid. ALso decreaes vit b 12 absoprtion and GI disturbances
Term
Metformin contraindications
Definition
dot give to paitents iwth alcohlism, hepatic disease , or predisposition to tissue anoxia - increased risk of lactica cidosis.
Term
insulin emtabolsim moa
Definition
glucose tnaraspoted itno cell, metabolized atp released, atp closes the potassium channel. closing of potassium channel wil lcause calcium channel to open. this activated insulin granules release.
Term
slfonylureas
Definition
insulin secretagogue
Term
meglitinide
Definition
insulin secretagogue
Term
nateglinide
Definition
insulin secretagogue
Term
insulin secreatoguge moa
Definition
will block potassium channel (atp dependan channel)
Term
gly buride
Definition
sulfonylureas 2ndgen
Term
glipizide
Definition
sulfonylureas 2ndgen
Term
glimpeirde
Definition
sulfonylureas 2ndgen
Term
2nd gen sulfonylureas vis 1st
Definition
have increased potency, less required les adverse effects
Term
adverse effects slufonyl ureas
Definition
weight gain ,and hypoglycemia (same advese effects as insulin).
Term
glyburide and glipizide pharmacokinetics
Definition
inactived by liver and kidney, dont prescirbei n patients iwht liver nad kidney pro blems.
Term
sulofnylurease with lowest halfive
Definition
glipizide, avialble in extned release formualtion
Term
drug interactiosn fo s ulonyl urease
Definition
effeciveneass decerased by cyp3a4, also anythign that effects glucose metabolism wil leffect efficacy of sulonylurea.
Term
which drug class leadst o tolernace over time
Definition
sulfonylurease.
Term
repaglinide sdtructure/function
Definition
stuructally unrelated to sulfonylurease, but with same primary action.
Term
repaglinide idnications
Definition
rapid absorptoin , short halfivies, indicated to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia.
Term
nateglinide
Definition
liek repaglinide, same moa as repaglinide shorter doa.
Term
rosiglitazone
Definition
thiazolidenodiones
Term
pioglitozone
Definition
thiazolidenodiones
Term
thiazodliendiones major site of action
Definition
adipose tissue, does not promoste insulin reelase, so wil lnto cuaseh ypoglycemia whe nsued alone.

weeks to months for effects to happen
Term
glitazone side effects
Definition
modest weight gain, soem fluid retention, hdl/ldl choelst ant TG levels.

liver damage possible
Term
rogilitazone specia lside effect
Definition
i creases ris of CHf ,
Term
glitazones drug interactions
Definition
metabolized by p450 cyp3a4. also induces cyp3a4
Term
acarbos
Definition
complex olligosachride , alpha glucosiade inbhitior (microbial origin)
Term
miglitol
Definition
simple sugar analog, alpha glucosidase inbhitior
Term
alpha glucosidae inhibitor end effect
Definition
lower postprandial rise in plasma glucose. , no hypoglycemia when used alone due to insulin effect.
Term
best hba1c lower drugs
Definition
sulfonylureas and metformin.
Term
alpha glucosidase seide effect
Definition
gas due to carbfermentaiton i ncolon, also diarrhea, abdominal pain.
Term
exenatide
Definition
glp-1
Term
liraglutide
Definition
glp-1
Term
GLp-1 usage
Definition
approved as alternative to insulin use in typ Ii diabetes who fial emtformi nor sulonylurea.
Term
glp-1 mode of admin
Definition
subq injection twice before meals
Term
glp-1 side effect
Definition
Gi related- nause vomitting diarrhea.
Term
sitagliptin
Definition
dpp-4 inbhitior
Term
saxagliptin
Definition
dpp-4 inbhitior
Term
amily agonist approval
Definition
approved for ytpe 1, Ii patients on sinsulin who have not been able to a cheiee glucose targets.
Term
adverse effects of amylin agonists
Definition
nausea, vomitting, anorexia, and headache.
Term
pharmacothearpy for type Ii diabetes algorithm
Definition
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