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| a plan submitted to James I and Parliament in 1610 by Robert Cecil. It was an attempt to increase Crown income and ultimately rid it of debt. Cecil suggested that, in return for an annual grant of £200,000, the Crown should give up its feudal rights of Wardship and Purveyance, as well as New Impositions. The plan was eventually rejected by both James and Parliament. |
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| a meeting in January 1604, convened at Hampton Court Palace, for discussion between King James I of England and representatives of the Church of England, including leading English Puritans. The conference was called in response to a series of requests for reform set down in the Millenary Petition by the Puritans, a document which supposedly contained the signatures of 1000 puritan ministers. Led to the King James Bible. |
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| November 5, 1605: a failed assassination attempt against King James I of England and VI of Scotland by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby. The plan was to blow up the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament on 5 November 1605, the prelude to a popular revolt in the Midlands during which James's nine-year-old daughter, Princess Elizabeth, was to be installed as the Catholic head of state. The plot was revealed to the authorities in an anonymous letter sent to William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle, on 26 October 1605. During a consequent search of the House of Lords, early in the morning of 5 November 1605, Fawkes was discovered guarding 36 barrels of gunpowder—enough to reduce the House of Lords to rubble—and arrested. Back-lash against Catholics throughout England |
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| Carr/Howard Murder Scandal |
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| Lady Frances Howard was married at the age of 14 to the 13-year-old Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex. The marriage was primarily a political union. She soon fell in love with Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset. With the help of King James I, she helped get an annulment from her husband on the grounds of lack of consummation of the marriage. When Sir Thomas Overbury, a close friend of Somerset, tried to oppose the annulment, he was imprisoned and mysteriously died and Carr and Howard were convicted of murdering him. However, James I pardoned both of them, tarnishing his reputation. |
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| George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham |
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| A favourite courtier of James I, due to his "lovely legs" and an adviser and father figure to Charles I, who he accompanied on the "Spanish Adventure." Became a source of contention between Charles I and his Parliaments, especially after the Cadiz Expedition (where Buckingham besieged the Spanish port city of Cadiz, which ended with all his men getting drunk), after which Parliament tried to impeach him. They tried to blackmail Charles into getting rid of Buckingham by refusing to give him badly needed money. The Committee of Evils was created in 1626 to draw up complaints against Buckingham but was dissolved along with Parliament. Buckingham was eventually murdered by a sailor in 1629, who claimed he was inspired by the complaints of Parliament. |
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| Prince Charles and Buckingham's "Spanish Adventure" |
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| In 1623, James I talked of marrying his son to the Spanish princess, the Infanta Maria. Buckingham and Charles decided they would carry out the marriage negotiations themselves and so they snuck out of England into Spain. It is believed that Buckingham's crassness was key to the total collapse of agreement; the Spanish ambassador asked Parliament to have Buckingham executed for his behaviour in Madrid. Charles came back from Spain humiliated and along with Buckingham, began to call for war against Spain. They convince James to go to war and Parliament was actually quite willing to go along with this. |
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| The Protestation of 1621 was a declaration by the House of Commons of England reaffirming their right to freedom of speech in the face of King James' belief that they had no right to debate foreign policy. Many Members of Parliament were unhappy with James' foreign policy. They opposed the Spanish Match, the plan to marry Charles, Prince of Wales to the Spanish Infanta, and wished for a war against Spain.[1] The MPs believed that if they conceded that they had no right to debate matters which displeased the King, Parliament would be obsolete. |
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| When James I took the crown of England and Ireland, bringing Scotland with him, he dreamed of a union between the three nations, and it became a pet project of his. He believed it was God's plan to unite Scotland and England and wanted to be called the king of Great Britain. However, James was forced to drop talk of full union due to the xenophobia of his English subjects. Still, laws hostile to Scots were repealed, free mouvement was allowed between the countries, and Scots were to be treated like English citizens. |
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| Henrietta Maria of France |
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| The French Catholic princess who became the wife of Charles I, in order for England to ally with France against Spain. This marriage alarmed the strongly anti-Catholic English subjects. It didn't help that she was allowed to stay Catholic, keep a Catholic court, and go to Catholic service, along with her children. This last part was the most alarming for the English as these children could be the future kings and the English would not tolerate a Catholic king. Charles I even briefly lifted penal laws against Catholics, but public pressure forced him to put them back into effect. |
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| Certain taxes levied on imported wine and on every pound of merchandise imported or exported that were usually granted to the king as a lifetime gift from Parliament. However, Parliament broke with tradition after Charles I took the crown and only gave him a year-time grant. This would force Charles to keep a constant Parliament as poundage and tonnage usually was the main source of a king's revenue and when Buckingham tried to block the bill only allowing Charles a year-long grant, Parliament decided not to grant Charles it at all, leading to their first dissolution under Charles. Charles, however, continued to collect unauthorized tonnage and poundage duties, and this action became a chief complaint of Charles' failed second Parliament. When Charles moved to adjourn the Parliament, members held the speaker, John Finch, in his seat until three resolutions could be read, one of which declared anyone who paid unauthorized tonnage and poundage to be a betrayer and enemy of England. Charles I's levying of tonnage and poundage without parliamentary sanction continued to be one of the complaints of his Long Parliament. The refusal of and subsequent disputes about tonnage and poundage rights is seen as one of the many events bearing responsibility for the English Civil War. |
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| Buckingham led an expedition to repeat the actions of Sir Francis Drake by seizing the main Spanish port at Cádiz and burning the fleet in its harbour. Though his plan was tactically sound, landing further up the coast and marching the militia army on the city, the troops were ill-equipped, ill-disciplined and ill-trained. Coming upon a warehouse filled with wine, they simply got drunk, and the attack was called off. This became one of the principle complaints of Parliament against Buckingham |
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| The Five Knights' case, also called Darnel(l)'s case, was an important case in English Law, fought by five knights (among them Thomas Darnell) in 1627 [1] against forced loans placed on them by King Charles I in a common law court. The court found in favour of the King, since common law – jurisdiction of the court – had no control over royal or absolute prerogatives of the monarch. The Petition of Right of 1628 clarified this situation and limited the monarch's absolute prerogatives. Case mostly centered around the fact that their arrests was made by a command of a king, who usually only made arrests without reason in times of treason and war |
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| a major English constitutional document, which sets out specific liberties of the subject that the king is prohibited from infringing. The Petition of Right was produced by the English Parliament in the run-up to the English Civil War. It was passed by Parliament in May, 1628, and given the royal assent by Charles I in June of that year. The Petition is most notable for its confirmation of the principles that taxes can be levied only by Parliament, that martial law may not be imposed in time of peace, and that prisoners must be able to challenge the legitimacy of their detentions through the writ of habeas corpus. Charles endorsed the petition but he did not really believe his actions had violated English law |
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| a school of soteriological thought within Protestant Christianity based on the theological ideas of the Dutch Reformed theologian Jacobus Arminius. Supported by Charles I, who put a prominent Arminian, William Laud, as the archbishop of Canterbury. Arminianism rejected the Calvinist notion of double predestination, as Jesus died for everyone's sins, not just a select few. Also some individual ability to accept or reject God's grace. Put stress on beauty and ritual in the Church. For many English subjects, this came dangerously close to Catholicism. |
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| An all-but-forgotten law resurrected by Charles I in an attempt to raise more money. It required anyone who earned £40 or more each year to present himself at the King's coronation to join the royal army as a knight.[80] Relying on this old statute, Charles fined all individuals who had failed to attend his coronation in 1626. Later pronounced illegal by the Clergy Act of 1640 |
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| William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury |
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| Attempted Arrest of the Five Members |
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| The Nineteen Propositions |
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| Charles I raises his standard, signaling the start of Civil War |
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| Solemn League and Covenant |
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| Charles I surrenders to Parliament |
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| Charles's Engagement with the Scots |
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| Neutralist/Clubmen Risings |
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| Dissolving the Rump (1653) |
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| The Barebones Parliament (1653) |
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| The Instrument of Government (1653) |
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| Institution of the Major Generals (1655) |
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| Humble Petition and Advice (1657) |
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| Declaration of Breda (1660) |
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| Plague and the Great Fire of London, 1666 |
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| The Popish Plot and the Exclusion Crisis, 1678-81 |
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| Glorious Revolution of 1688 |
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| Eldest son inherits all property |
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| Women could own property until they married, at which time, all their property would pass to their husband |
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| 22 August 1485: Last battle of the War of the Roses, where Henry Tudor took the throne from Richard III |
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| The court was set up to ensure the fair enforcement of laws against prominent people, those so powerful that ordinary courts could never convict them of their crimes. Over time it evolved into a political weapon and became a symbol of the misuse and abuse of power by the English monarchy and courts. In 1641, the Long Parliament, led by John Pym and inflamed by the severe treatment of John Lilburne, as well as that of other religious dissenters such as William Prynne, Alexander Leighton, John Bastwick and Henry Burton, abolished the Star Chamber with an Act of Parliament, the Habeas Corpus Act 1640. |
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| When Henry VIII became king of England in 1509, Wolsey became the King's almoner.[1] Wolsey's affairs prospered and by 1514 he had become the controlling figure in virtually all matters of state and was extremely powerful within the Church. The highest political position he attained was Lord Chancellor, the King's chief adviser, enjoying great freedom and often depicted as an alter rex (other king). Was able in war affairs but less able in financial affairs. Ultimately fell out of favour when he could not Henry VIII a divorce |
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