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| 4 major devisions for the study of Oceanography |
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| Geographical, Biological, Chemical, Physical |
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| Deepest part of the Ocean |
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| 36,000 ft. (off coast of Guam) |
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| How much toxic waste/trash have been dumped into the ocean |
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| Where was the world's 1st library founded and when? |
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| When did life emerge from the ocean? |
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| How long ago did primates evolve? |
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| How long ago did humans evolve? |
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| % of surface covered by water? |
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| % of the biosphere is water/ocean? |
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| Usual maximum SCUBA depth? |
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| 150 ft. (Ocean is relatively unexplored past this point) |
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| Ways shorelines can form? |
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| Glacial Melting, tectonics activity, artificial/man-made, formation of sandbars, and drowning of coastal rivers. |
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| Factors Effecting The Tides? |
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| Moon, Sun, proximity to land masses, ocean-bottom topography, areas of low barometric pressure (storm waves), ocean currents, alignment of planets, earth's elliptical orbit (Changing distance between sun and moon) |
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| During the full-moon and new-moon. Get the HIGHEST tides do to the sun and moon aligning. |
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| Sun and moon are at 90 degrees to each other, causing intermediate tides. |
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| Have one high tide and one low tide during the day. |
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| Have 2 high tides (about equal in depth) and 2 low tides (about equal in depth) |
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| Have 2 high tides (NOT equal in depth) and 2 low tides (NOT equal in depth) |
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| Area where there are no tides |
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| Area of the coast of Maine that has the most extreme tidal differences. Change of up to 54 ft. |
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| Water rising from the bottom of the sea towards the top, mixing up a lot of nutrients into the water. |
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- underwater current hitting an underwater ridge and rising upward
- Water currents hit coastline and move upwards
- Equatorial upwelling (cold water rising due to warm surface temps.) |
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| A plot of water Temperature |
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| place where Pycnocline and Thermocline intersect, (around 1000ft) where sound velocity is the lowest due to the correct temperatures and water density. |
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| Island off the coast of India. Where the detonated a very large blast in the SoFAR channel in 1991, was heard around the world. (13,000 sec until our west coast) |
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| Majority of water's diversity in it's make-up is at the surface around 200ft, but as you travel deeper, factors like oxygen, pH, temperature, density, salinity, phosphate and nitrate levels all level out to a pretty constant level. |
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| Layer in the ocean where you find very few photosynthetic organisms and thus very little oxygen |
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| Best photosynthesis occurs? |
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| In the Epipelagic zone (0-100ft) |
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| When toxic substances (pesticides) are ingested at low levels of the food chain and then passed up the chain increasing 10X each time in power. (10% of energy is passed on to consumer but close to 100% of toxin is passed on) |
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| organisms at the bottom of the sea floor |
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| Species that are big enough/fast enough to free swim for themselves |
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| organisms that are extremely slow swimming, found floating on surface, go with the currents. |
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• Intertidal
• Subtidal
• Epipelagic
• Mesopelagic
• Bathypelagic
• Abyssopelagic |
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| Name some famous oceanic research stations. |
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| Duke, wood hole, UW Puget sound, Scripts |
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- Started with Monerans (prokaryotic , no organelles)
- Those gave rise to the Proristans (Eukaryotic, membrane bound organelles, individual DNA)
- Those gave rise to Fungi, Plants, Animals |
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- Base of the food chain
- Radial symmetry, cell wall made of glass (same as our windows) extremely diverse, can produce some gasses and oils that helps keep them buoyant, extremely small, large SA compared to Vol. Produce 50% of the oxygen on the earth, found in fresh and salt water, found more commonly in the colder waters |
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| Protistians: Dinoflagellates |
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| , all have two flagella (one in a groove of the cell structure and the other sticking out the backside), found more commonly in the warmer waters, some are bioluminescent, the major photosynthesizes of the ocean. They cause the “Red Tides” which have toxins, causing those that eat them to be toxic and the consentration can be so great that they can completely deplete oxygen levels, killing off higher organisms in the water, harvested diatomic earth for commercial use |
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| Produce a strong cell-housing that sometimes look similar to a snail shell, some can be seen with the naked eye, once they die they kind of become part of the sand, has pseudopodium arms that emerge and can grab Diatoms and Dinoflaellates for food. Collect on the bottom and form limestone and marble type material. |
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| Protistians: Radiolairians |
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| Have a glass housing structure, also push out their pseudopodium for feeding, make oil secretions and gas to keep them buoyant. |
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| Nonvascular Plants: Green Algae |
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| are not higher plants, no vascular tissue, green coloration, (single cell sea pearls) |
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| Nonvascular Plants: Red Algae |
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| 99% of all species found only in the sea, all posses a reddish pigment even if that isn’t the dominate color. Some produce a calcium-carbonate structure similar to Coral, refereed to as Coralline. Extremely diverse, not all red. |
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| Nonvascular Plants: Brown Algae |
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| 2,000 different species, make up the kelp beds and huge kelp forests, look like they have stems and leaves, but not vascular, have little air bladders allowing them to float upward. |
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| Not flowering, extremely productive, extremely photosynthetic, not very diverse, lots of decay in the mud, within intertidal zones |
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| 2nd most productive overall photosynthetic, grazed on by mammals, turtles, and fishes, |
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| found in intertidal zones, roots are completely submerged in salt water, |
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| They have Collar Cells (choanocytes) on the inside of the sponge that beat their flagella to suck in water and filter out the plankton, there are pore cells on the outside, the collar cells beat their flagella sucking in water, then the collar cells eat the plankton sucked in, (inter-cellular digestion), almost all marine, the most simplistic multi-cellular organisms, constructed of proteins, Calcium carbonate, and glass structures. Hoxbill turtle is one of the few organisms that will feed on sponges. |
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• Radial Symmetry
• Jellyfishes, Sea enmities, corals, etc.
• Possess stinging cells often times used for capturing prey via stickiness or barbing them.
• The Medusa is the free swimming cnidarians
• Hydrozoans have the strongest stinging cells
o Secrete a little capsule that bud and create feather like structures
• Epidermis on outside and gastro-dermis on inside that secreste digestive enzymes
• Has a very primitive nervous system, called a nerve net.
• Have same proteins as in our muscle cells in their base cells, causing the to contract reducing diameter and lengths of cells, creating movement.
• Medusa form is the sexual form in the life cycle
• Fire coral, constructed of calcium carbonate, but possess strong stinging cells
• Portuguese man of war are hydrozoans not a jellyfish (Cyphonophore)
• Cyphozoans (jellyfishes) |
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Sea Enenimies and Corals (8,000 species)
o Only have tissue 2 cell layers thick tissue , but will often stack more then 1 layer thick of tissue
o Will often root down in a depression in the sea floor so they can pull in their tentacles and be protected
o Capture food, move it down it’s gullet, down into its vascular digestive system,
o Also have extreme stinging tentacles thy can shoot out their gullet to ward off predators and competition
o When they catch a big fish, they realize their digestive enzymes, and digest their prey outside the body, and then absorb their nutrients
o Lots of symbiotic relationships from fish, to crabs, to shrimp,
o Coral poloups look just like Enenimies, but they secrert a calcium-carboate base and form huge colonies, are individuals but are connected by living tissue (Hard Corals/Reef Forming). Live only in warm, clear, shallow waters
o Most of the species pull their tentacles in during the day
o One polop can share nutrients with all the other shared tissue polups, the tissue connecting the organisms are 2-2 layer thick tissues, making 4-cell thick layers
o Only outside layer of coral structures are living
o 1 specie can take many different forms depending on what type of environment they are living in, making them hard to identify.
o The photosynthetic algae living in corals tissue help it produce energy
• Damsel Fish are EXTREMLY protective of their algal growth in their coral and will bite your bare skin
o Star corals are the most common of the Caribbean coral, will only open their tentacles at night, eat copapods that come towards the surface at night
o Mesotarium filaments will be released at other organisms (close living corals), and
o Black corals are hard corals, but take on branch-like structures but are much softer. Look very plant-like |
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used to be thought plants
• Don’t lay down much calcium-carbonate, but have different skeletal structures
• All these soft coral polups ALWAYS have 8-tenticlas that are all branched.
• Were thought to be plants for a long time, look just like them, sway in the currents.
• No longer only a hardened calcium-carbonate structure, but is derived more out of a protein and softer tissue and taller structures.
• THESE ALWAYS HAVE 8 BRANCHED TENTICLES. |
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o Found mostly in warm waters
o These poloups do not retract their tentacles during the day like the hard corals, most always look fuzzy and are feeding.
• Poluops are much smaller
o Much less picky then the had corals, these are found most everywhere.
o Tend to be much more colorful
o Sea fans (part of the Gorgonions) all the poloups grow in a flat plane perpendicular to the prevailing current in order to optimize filtration.
o Are not the reef forming corals like the hard corals, but will be around there.
o Find the larger sea fans and soft corals where there currents are strongest.
o Can live much better in cold water then hard corals can. |
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| Alciacnadarians (broccoli corals): |
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o The overall structure that keeps it upright is a hydraulic structure, It fills up with water in a prevailing current to stand up a and feed, and when the currents go down, it releases water and deflates.
• Has some calcium-carbonate that provides some structure, but mostly made from a protein and soft tissue |
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o Are harvested for jewelry and is disappearing just like the black coral is.
• It is much more rare, it much more endangered, and more expensive
- All these corals still have 8 branched corals. |
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goose berries, cone-jellies):
• Have no stinging cells, but are structurally similar and as complex as jellyfish.
• Radial symmetry, but more closed up (egg shape), don’t have an open bell shape.
• Not very many species, only about 100, but are found most everywhere.
• Have ciliated plates that all beat in unison, and sometimes create an iridescent color.
• ALL HAVE 8 OF THESE PLATES
• Will set out a little drift net to catch plankton and bring it in to eat.
• Are very transparent and hard to see
• Very slow swimmers (planktonic)
• Come out at night |
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| Flat worms (pladihalementies): |
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• Large jump in evolution
• Around 18,500 species
• Are mostly parasitic
• Developed Bilateral symmetry (Now have a front and back, with all the sensory organs in the front facing face, making them much more responsive)
• Some fresh water species
• Some are extremely colorful
• Are so thin that material can move back and forth between their tissue and the sea
• First form of a brain/head, called sephilization (formation of a head)
• Now have 3 layers of tissue, allowing organs
• Bright colors tell predators they taste bad
• Often mimic other organisms to help survive
Nudabrincks (mollusk) |
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| Age of Indo-pacific Reef? |
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