Term
| Determining Tropic Distributions |
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Definition
- Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn (23 28 NS)
- Climate (rainfall and temperature)
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Term
| Daily and Seasonal Cycles |
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Definition
- Daily = 24 hours
- Seasonal = annual
- Vernal Equinox (March 21)
- Summer Solstice (June 21)
- Autumnal Equinox (Septemper 23)
- Winter Solstice (December 21,22)
- Variations in light and intensity
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Term
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Definition
- Heat transfers from equator to poles
- Hadley, Farrell, Polar cells
- Coriolis Effect
- ITCZ
- Land Form Effects
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Term
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Definition
- Surface Currents (tradewinds, deflection by land and coriolis, flow to poles and tropics)
- Deep Water Circulation
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Term
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Definition
- No rain - 10 m/yr
- Intensity of rain
- Seasonality impacts on trop. organisms
- Differences between wet tropics and temperate zones
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Term
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Definition
- Variation in global distribution of species, each adapted to regional conditions
- 4 tropic realms
- Similarities and differences
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Term
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Definition
- Taylor and Baker (1908)
- Wegener (1912) Pangaea
- Simplest Evidence
- Modern Evidence
- Godwana(420), Pangaea(260), breakup(100)
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Term
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Definition
- Holmes (1929), Hess (1962), Deitz (1961)
- Plates and Movement
- Large Scale Distribution
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Term
| Dinosaur Extinction Theories |
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Definition
- Extinction 65 mya
- Constipation Theory
- Impact Theory
- Global Boiling Theory
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Term
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Definition
- Sibdivisions of Biogeographical regions, characterized by dominant vegetation type
- Determined by climate
- Transitional changes in habitats and species composition
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Term
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Definition
- 20-30% of earth land (growing)
- Mean precipitation <250mm/year (irregular)
- Found on belts of Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn (30N and 30S)
- Sub Tropical (Sahara)
- Cool Coastal (Namib, Atacoma, Baja Ca)
- Rainshadow (Mojave, Great Basin of N.America, parts of Great Australian Desert)
- Interior Continental (Parts of Great Australian and N.American)
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Term
| Desert Factor: Organism Adaptations to Water |
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Definition
- Water loss = water gain
- Adaptations = (setae, hair, scales), (stomata, spiracles), (waxy cutivles), (specialized storage organs or tissues), (reduce surface area to volume ratio)
- (Plants) Xerophytes, Hydrophytes, Mesophytes
- (Plants)Gymnosperms, Angiosperms
- (Plant ex.) Squaro cactus, seed diapause, desert herb, desert grass, welwitschia mirabilis, mulga
- Animal Adaptation = concentrated urine and dry feces to retain water (ammonia, urea, uric acid)
- (Animal ex.) Chironomid, Tad pole shrimp, camel, sand living lizard, desert crab, australian water holding frog
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Term
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Definition
- Shallow A horizon topsoil, B horizon subsoil, C horizon weathered parent rock
- Aridisols
- Calcic (CaCO3) Layers
- Water Supply
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Term
| Desert Factor: Temperature |
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Definition
- Organisms have narrow limits
- Plants dissipate heat: (1.emission of longwave radiation 2.convection 3.transpiration)
- Plants avoid heat stress: (1.white hairs + pale green 2.fold or close leaves 3. CAM cycle)
- Animal body temp regulation: homeotherm (narrow limits), poikilotherm (variable, external heat)
- Animal heat production: ectotherm (dependent on environment), endotherm (physiological)
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Term
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Definition
- Develop structural, behavioral, and physiological adaptations
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Term
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Definition
- Desert soil has strong (-) matrix potential
- Salt content high and osmotic potential negative
- Dry soils have low water potential
- Soils not enough water to give plants
- Salt concentration = more water stress
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Term
| Desert Resource Utilization |
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Definition
- Adapted to utilize available resources at a certain time (high capture rate, low conver. efficiency, high repro. rates)
- Adapted to utilize poor resources that are always available (low capture rate, high conv., low repro. rates)
- Adapted to utilize available resources in space (mobility to reach patchy resources)
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Term
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Definition
- Limited Resources (patches are too sparse)
- Patchy Resources (unpredictable in space or time)
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Term
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Definition
- Richardson (1998) Sahara Desert Expansion
- Land degredation
- decrease in plant cover
- Increase in erosion
- decrease in soil fertility
- increase in salinity
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Term
| Tropical Grassland and Savanna Biome |
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Definition
- Any ecosystem in tropics with graminaceous (grass like) species as dominant veg. type
- Rainfall = 250-650 mm/yr
- 15-30 N&S
- Environmental drivers = temp., precipitation, fire, grazing, soil
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Term
| Grassland and Savanna Grass |
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Definition
- Family Poaceae
- 2 root systems = seminal (deep), adventitious (shallow)
- Life = Annuals, Biennials, Perennials
- Photosynthetic Strategies
- Internal and External factors
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Term
| Grassland and Savanna Primary Production |
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Definition
- Fixation of carbon to produce new biomass in autotrophic organisms
- Pn = (delta B)-(L+G)
- Losses and Gains to Grazers
- Serengeti Plain in Tanzania, Africa (Anderson 2007)
- Moderate, Intensive, No/Low Grazing
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Term
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Definition
- Covers 1/5 land surface and 1/2 of Africa
- Grassland with scattered trees
- 65% Africa, 60% Australia, 45% S. America
- Long cool dry season and short hot wet season
- Neotropical, Australasian, African
- Difference in large faunal diversity
- Nonseasonal, Seasonal, and Hyper Seasonal
- Habitats (cole 1963) = grasslands, parklands, woodlands, low tree and shrub, thicket and shrub
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Term
| Tropical Savanna Fire Ecology |
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Definition
- Adaptations = 1.trees and shrubs (thick, insulated bark, underground organs); 2.grasses (meristem regrowth, sugar storage)
- Fire Frequency
- Recovery
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Term
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Definition
- Tree productivity = 1.improved soil; 2.improved water relations and shade; 3.competition
- Low tree density v. high tree density
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Term
| Tropical Savanna Herbivores |
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Definition
- Grazers and Browsers
- Grazing behavior = 1.sustained yield; 2.rotational passage
- Migration
- Herbivore Hot Spots
- Serengeti plains (1.forage fascilitation; 2.predation protection; 3.nutrient concentration)
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Term
| Tropical Savanna Pop. Dynamics |
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Definition
- Density Dependent Control
- Food supply regulation of animal pop.
- Ex. Serengeti Plains (wildebeest and buffalo)
- Ex. Disease (lions, wild dog)
- Resource Partitioning (ex. Tangarine Park; giraffe, impala, buffalo)
- Vertical segregation, lateral separation, seasonal movement (time)
- Small v. Large herbivores
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Term
| Tropical Savanna Predation |
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Definition
- Predator prey ratio
- Ex. (Kruger park 1 lion:110 prey) (Serengeti plains 1 lion:1000 prey)
- Lions, cheetahs, leopards, hyena, wild dogs
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Term
| Tropical Savanna Ecosystem Dynamics |
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Definition
- Small perturbation can bring big changes
- Ex. Rinderpest (cattle and wildebeest increase)
- Ex. Elephant Grazing (Serengeti to Masai Mara)
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