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| A direct or indirect referenceto something presumably commonly known; they can be historical (Hitler), literary (Scout from To Kill A Mockingbird), religious(Noah's Ark), and mythical (Zeus). |
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| A comparison between two different things or the relationship between them |
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| A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. |
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| Greek- "Good Speech"; A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. Ex: "Earthly Remains" instead of "Corpse" |
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| A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work. |
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| A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or over-statement. |
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| The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant; the difference between what appears to be and what actually is true; Verbal Irony- The words literally state the opposite of the speaker's true meaning, Situational Irony- Events turn out the opposite of what is expected, Dramatic Irony- Facts or events are unknown to a character but known to the reader |
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| Understatement; Ex: A citizen of no mean city (meaning an illustrious city) |
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| A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity |
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| The use of one word for another that it suggests; Ex: A man keeps a good table (rather than serves good food) |
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| A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in sounds of words; Ex: Buzz, hiss, hum |
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| Stating a situation in grander terms than the reality; Ex: He is the most generous man I know (when he just loaned you a quarter) |
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| Greek- "Pointedly foolish"; A figure of speech where the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox; Ex: Jumbo shrimp, Cruel kindness |
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| A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity; Ex: "It was the best of times; it was the worst of times." |
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| A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. |
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| A play on the meaning of words; Three types: Repetition of a single word in two different senses, a play on words that sound alike but are different in meaning, and use of a single word with two different meanings within the context of a sentence |
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| A question used by the speaker or writer to achieve an awareness in the listener or reader; No reply is expected |
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| Greek- "To tear flesh"; Bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something; Sometimes when well done, sarcasm can be witty and insightful but when poorly done, it is simply cruel |
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| A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions or conventions for reform or ridicule; Best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing; Can be recognized by many devices such as irony, wit, parody, caricature, hyperbole, understatement, and sarcasm |
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| An explicit comparison between two unlike things signaled by the use of "like" or "as" |
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| Generally anything that represents something else; There are concrete symbols such as objects, actions, characters, and scenes but there are also complex symbols. Natural symbols use objects and occurrences form nature to represent ideas commonly associated, Conventional symbols are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (Religious symbols, Star of David; National symbols, Flag; Group symbols for pirates, Skull and crossbones), and Literary symbols are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are generally recognized |
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| A metaphor in which a part of something is substituted for the whole |
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| A presentation of something as less significant than it actually is; The opposite of hyperbole |
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