Term
| What are the three types of treatment? |
|
Definition
-Medical
-Psychological
-Abstinance |
|
|
Term
| What is aversion therapy? |
|
Definition
| -a form of behavioural therapy in which an aversion stimulus causing strong feelings of dislike and disgust is paired with an undesirable behaviour in order to reduce or eliminate that behaviour |
|
|
Term
| How is the unconditioned stimulus of alcohol conditioned? |
|
Definition
Emetic is a chemical that induces nausea
Emetic --> nausea
Emetic + alcohol --> nausea
Alcohol --> nausea |
|
|
Term
| What is covert sensitisation? |
|
Definition
-Process of imagining unpleasant effects and associating these with the substance
-told to imagine that when they feel the urge to use the substance
-designed to tackle intention not action |
|
|
Term
| What is contingency training? |
|
Definition
-Based on operant conditioning
-use of reinforcers for not using substance |
|
|
Term
| What is the evidence for aversion therapy |
|
Definition
Wiens - 60% effective for alcohol over 12 months
Smith and Frawley - 65% had 12 month abstinence from alcohol
Quick puff technique - 52% abstained from smoking
Smith and Frawley - 80% had reduced urges |
|
|
Term
| What are the limitations of aversion therapy? |
|
Definition
-Stats not very high for abstinence
-former alcoholics may feel sick in other situations such as in a restaurant which limits their social life
-effects weaken with time
-doesn't treat underlying problem
-people abuse substance again due to social norms and triggers |
|
|
Term
| What are the four self management strategies to the treatment of substance abuse? |
|
Definition
-Contingency contracting
-Stimulus control
-Motivational interviews
-Relapse prevention |
|
|
Term
| What is contingency contracting? |
|
Definition
| A contract of goals for behaviour and use of substance is drawn up, often weekly, between patient and therapist. |
|
|
Term
| What is the evidence for contingency contracting? |
|
Definition
Hartz - investigated efficacy of contingency contracting in methadone abuse treatment .
-Contingency contracting lead to an increase in the number of patients abstaining from methadone in the future but this increase was only by 1% compared to the control |
|
|
Term
| What is stimulus control? |
|
Definition
| Breaking associations between certain situations and the use of a substance for example breaking the link between clubbing and heroin use |
|
|
Term
| What are motivational interviews? |
|
Definition
| carried out with a GP, sessions use the Stages of Change Model and Health Belief Model to help client to clarify goals and plans to achieve them |
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of change in Prochaska and DiClemente's Stages of Change Model and what are the characteristics of the client at each stage? |
|
Definition
Pre-contemplation - not currently considering change
Contemplation - ambivalent about change and not considering it in the next month
Preparation - has some experience with change and is trying to change, planning to act within a month
Action - practicing new behaviour for 3-6 months
Maintenance - continued commitment to sustaining new behaviour for 6 months to 5 years
Relapse - Resumption of old behaviours |
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of the Health Belief Model? |
|
Definition
| Age, sex, ethnicity, personality, socioeconomics, knowledge + cues to action such as education, symptoms, media information -> Perceived susceptibility or seriousness of disease -> perceived threat of disease -> perceived benefits vs barriers to behavioural change -> likelihood of behavioural change |
|
|
Term
| How does the Health Belief Model fit with motivational interviews? |
|
Definition
| The aim of the interview is to get the client to see how the benefits of stopping abuse outweigh the costs so they become motivated to stop using the substance. |
|
|
Term
| What is relapse prevention? |
|
Definition
Where the client is helped to identify high risk situations and taught coping strategies such as how to say no and increasing self control.
It also to restructure the clients perception of relapse to eliminate risks. |
|
|
Term
| What is the method of the Hser study into self management studies? |
|
Definition
| 1,167 adolescents aged 11 to 18 associated with four centres. They were studied before treatment and one year after. the treatments included individual and group councilling, 12 step programmes, family therapy, and skills training. The participants were interviewed about drug use, education and criminal activity before and after treatment. The drug use of a random sample was checked by urine testing. |
|
|
Term
| What are the results of the Hser study into self management studies? |
|
Definition
-Weekly marijuana use declined from 80% to 44%
-The percentage with average or better school grades increased from 53% to 80%
-The number involved in any illegal act went from 76% to 53%
-Participants reported higher self esteem and fewer thoughts of suicide.
-Cocain and hallucinogen use showed little change |
|
|
Term
| What is the method and results of the Botvin study into self management studies? |
|
Definition
1,700 teenagers received a programme about the negative effects of binge drinking and information about norms of drinking among teenagers. A Control group of 1,300+ students didn't receive the programme
-binge drinking was reduced by 50% in the group that received the programme |
|
|
Term
| What is the strength of self management strategies? |
|
Definition
| -All are effective but multimodal is most effective |
|
|
Term
| What are the weaknesses of self management strategies? |
|
Definition
-Pinpointing the reason for behaviour change is difficult eg may be due to event in family therapy or education
-measuring outcomes is difficult eg Treatment Outcome Profile is subjective
-difficult to verify scientifically due to confidentiality and refusal to take part in research
-relapse through peer pressure is the biggest issue |
|
|
Term
| What is social inoculation? |
|
Definition
| A programme that 'vaccinates' people from peer pressure. |
|
|
Term
| What is the process of social inoculation? |
|
Definition
Knowledge - giving facts about negative effects for the health, social and economic consequences of substance abuse
Discussion - of how a person's substance abuse may be affected by peers, family and the media
Skill development - development of communication skills, arguments and social skills to resist the influence of others
Public commitment - make a commitment in in public that they will not take or abuse a substance |
|
|
Term
| What is the method of the Cuijpers study? |
|
Definition
| 1156 students from 9 schools taking part in the programme were compared with 774 students from 3 schools that didn't take the programme. The participants were interviewed before and 1,2 and 3 years after. These involved self reports on their substance use including their knowledge, attitude and efficacy to this |
|
|
Term
| What are the results of the Cuijpers study? |
|
Definition
-increase in knowledge about substance abuse
-reduction in their use
-results faded after two years
-little effect on attitudes and sense of efficacy |
|
|
Term
| What are the McAlister and the Flay studies into social inoculation? |
|
Definition
McAlister - used social inoculation techniques with young teenagers to help them resist peer pressure by learning arguments. The experiment followed the teens over a number of years and found they were much less likely to smoke compared with a similar group of teens who hadn't received social inoculation.
Flay - social inoculation has also been found to be successful in reducing teenage smoking. Social inoculation is most effective if the teenagers learn arguments so refute peer pressure and peer criticism for not taking the substance |
|
|
Term
| What are the weaknesses of social inoculation? |
|
Definition
-people underestimate the ease that they can be persuaded or influenced by others and overestimate how easily they can provide a counter argument to peer pressure
-for it to work, the characteristics of the person inoculating is important, for example ethnic teens respond to someone of the same ethnicity
-most research is on teens so little evidence of effectiveness with adults
-results are correlational so no evidence of causation
-peers can inoculate younger children and also peer pressure them so confusing messages
-results affected by personality |
|
|
Term
| What does CHARLIE stand for? |
|
Definition
| CHemical Abuse Resistance Lies In Education |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A life skills programme aiming to teach young people more about drug use and misuse, legal and illegal drugs and the consequences of using drugs.
It does this by developing skills such as assertiveness, the ability to say no, decision making and problem solving. It also focuses on the role of peers, society and media pressure in drug use. |
|
|
Term
| What are the objectives of Project CHARLIE? |
|
Definition
-equip students with social competencies necessary for coping with peer pressure
-enhance students' self awareness and self esteem
-increase students' knowledge of the harmful consequences of drug use |
|
|
Term
| How are students taught in Project CHARLIE? |
|
Definition
-14 lessons of various interactive teaching methods
-Feedback discussion for reflection at the end of each session
-They make sure they communicate with parents as they see it as a vital part to the drug education system |
|
|
Term
| What is the study for a work based Project CHARLIE programme? |
|
Definition
A cognitive behaviour therapy programme focused on helping them give up smoking was carried out in five work sites. In four sites the workers were put into teams with one work site as a control.
-Results showed 31% of people in the control site had stopped smoking. 22% of the other sites.
-Six months later 18% of the control group had abstained compared with 14% of the other groups |
|
|
Term
| What is the Moher study into the effectiveness of Project CHARLIE? |
|
Definition
Reviewed the effectiveness of work based attempts to help employees stop smoking.
Some programmes focused on individuals eg counselling, and others were aimed at the work force as a whole, eg incentive schemes.
-Group therapy, counselling and nicotine replacement increased abstinence
-self help materials had little effect
-the best programme was focused on the individual |
|
|
Term
| What does DARE stand for? |
|
Definition
| Drugs Abuse Resistance Education |
|
|
Term
| What is the mission statement of DARE? |
|
Definition
| To encourage the participants to be empowered to respect others and choose to lead a life free from violence and substance abuse |
|
|
Term
| What are the three aims of DARE? |
|
Definition
-increase knowledge and clarify misconceptions about drugs
-develop self esteem and personal and social skills to keep themselves safe through resisting peer pressure
-explore own and other people's attitudes towards drugs, challenging stereotypes and exploring influences such as in media. |
|
|
Term
| What is the method of DARE? |
|
Definition
-Information about short and long term effects of drug use and other concequences
-teaching decision making
-building self esteem
-giving information on healthy alternatives to drug use |
|
|
Term
| What is the method of the Ennett study into the effectiveness of DARE? |
|
Definition
| 8 DARE projects were compared with 25 projects that are more and less interactive in terms of increasing knowledge, developing social skills |
|
|
Term
| What is the results of the Ennett study into the effectiveness of DARE? |
|
Definition
DARE had most effect on knowledge and social skills but least on drug use. The biggest changes were for smoking.
DARE was more effective than less interactive programmes and less effective than more interactive programmes |
|
|
Term
| What is the strength of the Ennett study into the effectiveness of DARE? |
|
Definition
| -taught by police officers (whereas other programmes taught by teachers) so more authority |
|
|
Term
What are the weaknesses of the Ennett study into the effectiveness of DARE?
(two weaknesses) |
|
Definition
-Taught by police officers so they may not be as skilled in delivering the information
-Relies on more traditional, non formal methods so may not engage students |
|
|
Term
| What is the method and results of the Tobler study into the effectiveness of DARE? |
|
Definition
| Meta analysis of 37 programmes in the USA and found interactive programmes were more successful than less interactive programmes involvong knowledge and emotional development in reducing the use of cannabis |
|
|
Term
| What is the method and results of the Sussmanet study into the effectiveness of DARE? |
|
Definition
Effectiveness of teacher-led lessons and lessons involving student participation were compared. The study looked at 1000 students aged 12-15 from schools in the US.
-There were significant changes in attitudes to drugs and intention to use them in the active participation lessons but not in the teacher led lessons. |
|
|
Term
| What is the method and results of the Bachman study into the effectiveness of DARE? |
|
Definition
Students aged 12-15 asked to talk about drugs to each other, staing their disapproval of them and that they don't take drugs. It was used to create a social norm that was against taking drugs and giving people practice in saying no.
-The programme changed attitudes towards drugs and led to reduction in cannabis use. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three factors to consider for risk assessment of groups? |
|
Definition
-Biological factors - if the parents have a history of substance abuse
Cultural factors - some ethnic groups eg aboriginal Australians drink to excess. Etheopian and Yemeni communities crew khat leaves as a stimulant and this is said to hold the community together
-Psychosocial factors - eg employment status, level of social support, degree of social isolation, access to appropriate housing. Unemployed, homeless people with little social support are more at risk. |
|
|
Term
| What are the ways high risk groups can be identified? |
|
Definition
-British Crime Survey
-Through locations eg clubs, GP surgeries, job centres
-Healthcare professionals
-Drug action teams |
|
|
Term
| According to the British Crime Survey, which group of people were identified as at risk between 2005 and 2006? |
|
Definition
| People aged 16-24 years who have been in care, homeless, excluded, involved in serious offending (eg prostitution) or have truanted. |
|
|
Term
| How do healthcare professionals identify at risk groups? |
|
Definition
| People who abuse substances go to their GP |
|
|
Term
| What is the conclusion of Anderson study into the effectiveness of healthcare professionals? |
|
Definition
| Early interventions by GPs are useful in reducing substance abuse |
|
|
Term
| How do drug action teams prevent substance abuse? |
|
Definition
| They target young groupos at risk around the country, bring together a range of services from different organisations including social services, police, education services, health authority, housing, probation and voluntary services. |
|
|
Term
| What is the method and results Drummond study? |
|
Definition
People were identified as at risk of having an alcohol problem if they attended A & E and were invited to a clinic for advice and help.
-50% attended the clinic to discuss their alcohol abuse so identifying substance abusers can help |
|
|
Term
| What are the weaknesses of targeting at risk groups? |
|
Definition
-Requires range of approaches and co-ordination of services to support individuals
-Focusses too much on the individual and not enough on social and cultural factors influencing high risk groups
-Treatments for high risk groups need to develop culturally sensitive programmes that understand people who are in poverty, homeless and unemployed so they continue with the treatment programme. |
|
|
Term
| What are fear arousing appeals? |
|
Definition
| -Appeals that use clearly distinguished and upsetting terms to inform people on the effects of substance abuse on both the individual abuser and others around them. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three factors that need to be taken into account when using fear arousal appeals? |
|
Definition
-Source factors - expertise, trustworthiness and status of the source of communication
-Message factors - types of appeal eg fear level, conclusion made and types of argument made. The most important aspect is that the message is comprehensible and says what it needs to say.
-Audience factors - consideration of how persuadable the audience is , intelligence, self esteem and initial view held by target audience. |
|
|
Term
| What did Baumeiser and Carrington say was the link between self esteem and the effectiveness of fear arousal appeals? |
|
Definition
| People with high self esteem are likely to be influenced by a fear arousal appeal for a long time after the appeal itself. |
|
|
Term
| What is the method and results of the Flay study into the effectiveness of fear arousal appeals? |
|
Definition
A large number of studies on the prevention of smoking were reviewed.
-Fear arousal appeals were found to be not that effective at preventing people from starting to smoke. |
|
|
Term
| What is the inverted U theory? |
|
Definition
| The theory that the relationship between arousal and attitude or behaviour change would be depicted on a graph as an inverted U (or n shape), with optimal performance occurring at moderate levels of arousal. |
|
|
Term
| What is the method of the Janis and Feshbach study into the effectiveness of fear arousal appeals? |
|
Definition
| Three lectures were given on tooth decay and were designed to vary on fear caused in the audience so one caused strong fear, one caused moderate fear and one caused weak fear. |
|
|
Term
| What are the results of the Janis and Feshbach study into the effectiveness of fear arousal appeals? |
|
Definition
The strong fear appeal lecture caused the most anxiety and was rated as interesting. It led to the least change in dental health in the long term.
The low fear lecture resulted in the least anxiety but had the best long term effect in changing people's behaviour. |
|
|
Term
| What is the method of the Janis and Terwilliger study into the effectiveness of fear arousal appeals? |
|
Definition
| Two groups of smokers - one group given medical information about a form of lung cancer that could be avoided by reduction in smoking. The other group was given the same thing but details of the life threatening nature of the cancer. This group was the high fear group. |
|
|
Term
| What are the results of the Janis and Terwilliger study into the effectiveness of fear arousal appeals? |
|
Definition
| The high fear group had more anxiety but were more likely to reject information provided and therefore less likely to change their attitudes to smoking |
|
|
Term
| What are the weaknesses of fear arousing appeals? |
|
Definition
-may not be effective in preventing substance abuse as they may be too threatening so people get defensive about behaviour and make them switch off.
-ethical issues with causing participants anxiety
-don't take reason for abuse into account
-not targeted at specific groups eg high risk groups
-may be contradicted by advertising campaigns that encourage drinking alcohol and smoking eg African-Americans found not to be effected by fear arousal due to advertisement of cigarettes to those groups. |
|
|
