Term
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Definition
| An aq medium which allows gad exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| Plasma, Leucocytes, Thrombocytes, Erythrocytes |
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Term
| What is percentage of plasma in blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What materials does plasma contain? |
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Definition
| Glucose, Amino acid, salts, hormones, plasma protein |
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Term
| What are the two groups of the leucocytes? |
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Definition
| Granulocytes and Agranulocytes |
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Term
| What is the difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes? |
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Definition
G- granular cytoplasm, lobed nuclei and they engulf pathogens by phagocytosis
A- Produce antibodies and antitoxins, have a clear cytoplasm and spherical nucleus |
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Term
| What is function of thrombocytes? |
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Definition
| Involved in blood clotting |
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Term
| What are the three features that help erythrocytes to transport O2? |
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Definition
1.Biconcave shape- large s.a. for more O2
2.No nucleus- more room for Hb
3.Flexible- fir through the very narrow lumen of the capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
Complex globular protein with 4 structure
with 4 folded polypeptide chain at the centre which have haem groups containing Fe |
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Term
| How many O2 molecule for each haem group? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many O2 molecules can each haemoglobin bind to? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| degree to which one molecule is attracted to another molecule |
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Term
| What is association/loading? |
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Definition
| The uptake of O2 by Hb to form HbO4 at the lungs |
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Term
| What is dissociation/unloading? |
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Definition
| Release of O2 at the respiring tissues to from Hb |
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Term
| What is O2 conc. measured in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when partial Pa of O2 is high? |
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Definition
| Hb has a + affinity for O2 and so O2 associates to Hb to form HbO4 |
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Term
| What happens when partial Pa of O2 is lower? |
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Definition
| Hb has a - affinity for O2 and so O2 dissociates from HbO4 to form Hb |
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Term
| How does a pulse oximeter estimates O2 saturation in the blood? |
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Definition
Sending infrared light into capillaries in the finger
Measures how much light is reflected off the gases |
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Term
| O2 saturation of Hb in a healthy person is 98/99% why not 100%? |
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Definition
-Some O2 is used by the respiring cells of the alveoli
-The rate of blood flow through the pulmonary capillaries is still too fast for all O2 to diffuse into the blood |
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Term
| Which way is foetal Hb curve and why? |
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Definition
Left
Higher affinity for O2 and therefore can load O2 from mother's blood at all partial Pa of O2 |
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Term
| Why doesn't a baby retain its foetal Hb once it is born? |
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Definition
-Foetal Hb has a + O2 affinity so not enough O2 would be unloaded to respiring tissues when it was an adult
-If female became pregnant they need their Hb to have - affinity than foetal Hb |
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Term
| Why there is reduction of partial Pa of O2 for Llama? |
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Definition
| Increase in altitude and drop in atmospheric Pa |
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Term
| Does Llama Hb has + or - affinity? |
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Definition
| Higher affinity for O2 so picks up O2 more readily at the lungs |
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Term
| Why does Llama has more red blood cells? |
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Definition
| More Hb so more O2 can be loaded at the lungs and transported to respiring tissues |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| From the seawater they pump through their burrows |
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Term
| Which side is their curve and why? |
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Definition
| To cope with low O2 conc. of seawater they have a dissociation curve to the left higher affinity for O2 so Hb more readily takes up O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Tertiary structured protein that is more stable than Hb. It acts as an O2 store in muscle tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| ppO2 for Co2 is + so the conditions inside the r.b.c. becomes more acidic which causes the Hb to slightly change shape and so Hb now has a lower affinity for O2, unloading this oxygen to the respiring tissues more readily |
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Term
| What side is the Bohr effect graph? |
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Definition
| S-shaped curve to the right |
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Term
| What happens to CO2 and how is it transported? |
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Definition
10%- binds to Hb and is transported as carbamino-Hb
5%-dissolved in plasma
85%-carried in blood and is converted to hydrogen carbonate and transported in plasma |
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Term
| Explain how CO2 is transported. (10 pts) |
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Definition
-CO2 from respiring cells diffuse in the plasma and r.b.c.
-CO2 + H2O >>> H2CO3 (Carbonic acid) by enzyme carbonic anhydrase
-H2CO3 dissociates into H+ and HCO3- ions
-The HCO3- ions diffuse down the conc. gradient into the plasma
-HCO3- + Na+ to form NaHCO3
-In r.b.c. H+ ions cause a fall in pH
-Changes Hb shape reducing affinity for O2
-H+ + HbO8 >>> HHB + 4O2
-This O2 diffuses out of the r.b.c and to the respiring tissues
-As HCO3- ions are moved out Cl- ions move in by facilitated diffusion to maintain the electrochemical neutrality |
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Term
| How is tissue fluid formed? |
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Definition
| Fluid is forced out through the gaps between cells in the capillary walls |
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Term
| What is the function of tissue fluid? |
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Definition
| Bathes cells and allows gas exchange |
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Term
| Which molecules are required by cells? |
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Definition
| Glucose, amino acids, oxygen |
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Term
| Waste substances that are removed? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Water trying to enter blood by osmosis |
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Term
| How does fluid goes out atrial end? |
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Definition
High because of contraction of the left ventricle
-Which creates a + hydrostatic pressure and forces fluid through the gaps in the capillary
-The outward flow of fluid is opposed by osmotic pressure
-But as hydrostatic pressure is + than osmotic pressure the fluid flows out of the blood
-Molecules dissolved in the fluid then move by diffusion and facilitated diffusion into the cells |
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Term
| What happens at venous end of capillary? |
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Definition
Tissue fluid contains waste substance that have diffused out of cells, these can diffuse back in down a conc. gradient
-Lower hydrostatic pressure due to friction between the blood and capillary and due to lower volume of fluid in the capillaries
-Water potential is lowered so osmotic pressure is + than hydrostatic pressure and so there is movement back in the blood by osmosis |
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Term
| How much of tissue fluid flows back into the capillaries? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the tissue fluid that does not return to capillaries go? |
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Definition
| Lymphatic capillaries in tissues |
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Term
| What is lymphatic system involved in? |
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Definition
-Absorption of lipids
-Formation of lymphocytes and prevention of disease |
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Term
| What can accumulation of tissue fluid cause? |
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Definition
| Swelling under the skin (oedema) |
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