Term
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Definition
1: systematic review or meta-analysis
2: RCT
3: control trial without randomization
4: case-control and cohort studies
5: review of qualitative studies
6: single qualitative study
8: opinion of authorities |
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Term
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Definition
0: cultivate spirit of inquiry
1: PICOT question
2: search for evidence
3: critically appraise evidence for validity, reliability and applicability
4: integrate evidence with patient preferences and values
5: evaluate outcomes of practice decision
6: disseminate outcomes |
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Definition
Patient population
Intervention or issue of interest
Comparison intervention or group
Outcome
Time frame |
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| The group of elements to which the researcher has reasonable access |
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Definition
| Purposefully deciding not to adopt an innovation |
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Definition
| Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation; internationally developed instrument to evaluate clinical practice guidelines |
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Definition
| Probability of making a Type I error; typically designated as 0.05 or 0.01 at the end of the tail in a distribution. When 0.01 is used for the alpha level, a researcher would make a type I error only 1 time out of 100. Thus, alpha levels of 0.05 increase type I errors while reducing type II errors. While alpha levels of 0.01 reduce type I errors, the likelihood of making a type II error increases. In nursing, 0.05 is used more commonly than 0.01; however, when multiple statistical tests are being conducted, researchers should use an alpha level of 0.01. |
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Definition
| A test for instrument reliability where new instruments are given in two different versions. Scores are correlated. Strong positive correlations indicate good reliability; also known as parallel form |
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Definition
| A data set that does not have a mode |
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Term
| Analysis of variance (ANOVA) |
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Definition
| An inferential statistical test used when the level of measurement is interval or ratio and more than two groups are being compared |
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Definition
| Research to discover knowledge that will solve a clinical problem |
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Definition
| Permission given by children to participate in research |
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Definition
| A type of relationship such that when one variable changes the other variable changes |
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Definition
| The degree to which the examination of qualitative data can be shown to be consistent over time and to support the findings |
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Definition
| The documentation of the research process in qualitative studies |
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Definition
| A listing of authors in an order reflecting the amount of their contributions |
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Definition
| The analysis of categories and labels after open coding has been completed. takes the analysis process further and requires researchers to compare the categories and labels, defining and exploring relationships among them. |
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Definition
| Research to gain knowledge for the sake of gaining knowledge; bench research |
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Definition
| A report outlining three major principles (respect for persons, beneficence, and justice) foundational for the conduct of ethical research with human subjects |
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Definition
| Comparison of organizational outcome data to other organizations or national databases |
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Definition
| The principle of doing good |
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Definition
| A result when extraneous variables influence or distort the relationship between the independent and dependent variables |
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Definition
| A data set with two modes |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of statistics to describe the relationship between two variables |
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Definition
| A strategy used by qualitative researchers to set aside personal interpretations to avoid bias, Setting aside personal interpretations to avoid bias |
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Definition
| A category of outcomes that measures the effect of nursing interventions |
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Definition
| Studies that compare two groups: those who have a specific condition and those who do not have the condition. This type of research usually focuses on rare disorders or disorders where there is considerable time between exposure or treatment and the onset or change in outcome. In case control studies, fewer subjects are needed than in cross-sectional studies. The disadvantages of case control studies include the potential for confounding variables, bias (recall and selection), and difficulty in selecting the control group. |
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Definition
| A description of a single or novel event |
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Definition
| The lowest level of measurement whereby data are categorized simply into groups; nominal data |
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Definition
| When one variable determines the presence or change in another variable (vs. correlational) |
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Term
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Definition
| The relationship that exists between a cause and its effect |
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Term
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Definition
| An eight-phase process to describe [image]organizational change. p. 407 |
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Term
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Definition
| A common statistic used to analyze nominal and ordinal data to find differences between groups. One reason Chi square is used so often is because it is very useful for finding differences between the groups on demographic variables. In the literature, notations for Chi square, such as X2 = 1.89, df = 1, p < 0.05, appear reported with degrees of freedom and significance. |
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Definition
| Assignment of labels to each line of transcript in qualitative analysis |
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Definition
| A percentage used to compare standard deviations when the units of measure are different or when the means of the distributions being compared are far apart. computed by dividing the standard deviation by the mean and recording the result as a percentage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Quasi-experimental studies using two or more groups |
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Term
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Definition
| A hypothesis describing the relationships among three or more variables |
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Term
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Definition
| Scholarly papers providing an exploration of the attributes and characteristics of a concept |
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Term
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Definition
| Definitions of concepts contained in a theory that sound like dictionary definitions |
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Definition
| A test for criterion-related validity when a new instrument is administered at the same time as an instrument known to be valid. Scores of the two instruments are compared. Strong positive correlations indicate good validity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Personalized accounts by qualitative researchers that provide insight about data collection and scientific rigor |
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Term
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Definition
| Ranges established around means that estimate the probability of being correct In other words, CI estimate the degree of confidence one can have about the inferences. Researchers typically report confidence levels of 95% or 99%. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of four criteria for a trustworthy qualitative study related to the rigorous attempts to be objective and the maintenance of audit trails to document the research process. Evaluating interview questions to ensure that they are open ended and not leading is important for ensuring confirmability. The reader must be satisfied that the researcher has revealed that data were confirmed with the participants through member checks. The researcher’s written records should reveal a detailed review of the data, careful analysis and coding, and detailed logs and field notes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Factor that interferes with the relationship between the independent and dependent variables; extraneous variable; Z variable |
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Term
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Definition
| A word or phrase used to communicate a specific key idea to others |
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Term
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Definition
| A threat to external validity when the instrument does not accurately measure the theoretical concepts. When appraising an article for threats to construct validity, it is important to consider information presented in the methods section of the article. This section should contain information on the reliability of the instrument used and details as to how the validity of the instrument was established. |
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Term
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Definition
| A kind of validity to ensure that the instrument measures the concept; a test in which experts on the topic are asked to judge each item on an instrument by assigning a rating to determine its fit with the concept being measured |
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Term
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Definition
| Interval- or ratio-level data that use a continuum of numeric values with equal intervals |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonprobability sampling method in which elements are selected because they are easy to access |
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Term
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Definition
| A test for construct validity in which new instruments are administered at the same time as an instrument known to be valid. Scores of the two instruments are compared. Strong, positive correlations indicate good validity |
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Term
| Correlated (paired) t test |
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Definition
| A variation of the t test used when there is only one group or when the groups are related. In experimental and quasi-experimental designs, the t test is used to determine whether the means of two groups are statistically different. As with a Chi square test, researchers calculate the t statistic and consult tables using the statistic, degrees of freedom, and alpha levels to find the critical value. The critical value is obtained and a decision about its statistical significance is made. In reports, t tests are reported in the following manner: t = 2.54, p < 0.01. |
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Term
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Definition
| An estimate, ranging from 0.00 to +1.00, that indicates the reliability of an instrument; a statistic used to describe the relationship between two variables. When used to measure reliability, +1.00 indicating a perfect reliability and 0.00 reflecting the absence of reliability. Typically, reliability coefficients of 0.80 and above are acceptable for well established instruments, while reliability coefficients of 0.70 and above are acceptable for newly developed instruments |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonexperimental designs used to study relationships between two or more variables |
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Term
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Definition
| When change in one variable is associated with change in another variable |
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Term
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Definition
| One of four criteria for establishing a trustworthy qualitative study referring to the truth or believability of findings, akin to internal validity in quantitative research. To meet the criterion of credibility, the research must be shown to be authentic and truthful. The results should make sense and be believable. |
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Term
| Criterion-related validity |
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Definition
| Degree to which the observed score and the true score are related there are two ways researchers test for criterion-related validity:concurrent validity and predictive validity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A test for instrument reliability used with interval or ratio items; using a computer, all items are simultaneously compared |
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Term
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Definition
| Experimental design using two or more treatments, and subjects receive both treatments in a random order |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonexperimental designs used to gather data from a group of subjects at only one point in time |
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Term
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Definition
| The simplification of large amounts of data obtained from qualitative interviews or other sources |
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Term
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Definition
| In qualitative research the time when no new information is being obtained and repetition of information is consistently heard |
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Term
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Definition
| A statistical concept used to refer to the number of sample values that are free to vary |
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Term
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Definition
One of four criteria for a trustworthy qualitative study related to consistency in the findings over time. Consistency in the findings over time showing qualitative studies to be trustworthy. Strategies to ensure include: Audit trail
Peer debriefing
Stability of observations over time
Multiple interviews
Data saturation
Coding checks that show agreement
Uniformity of responses across subjects |
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Term
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Definition
| Outcome or variable that is influenced by the independent variable; Y variable |
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Term
| Descriptive correlational design |
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Definition
| Correlational design used to explain the degree and characteristics of relationships that exist among the variables or groups using a nondirectional hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| A design used to describe a phenomenon |
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Term
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Definition
| A category of research that is concerned with providing accurate descriptions about phenomena |
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Term
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Definition
| collection and presentation of data used to explain characteristics of variables found in the sample |
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Term
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Definition
| Nominal measurement when only two possible fixed responses exist such as yes or no |
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Term
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Definition
| Observing phenomena using the five senses |
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Term
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Definition
| The way two variables covary: A positive correlation occurs when an increase in one variable is associated with an increase in another or when a decrease in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hypothesis describing the direction of a relationship between two or more variables |
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Term
| Disciplined clinical inquiry model |
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Definition
| A model developed to empower nurses, at the unit level, to transition evidence to practice. This model was developed to empower nurses in clinical practice to consider the patient, the clinical setting, resources, and evidence as they transition evidence to practice. Because the model addresses unit problems and relies on the unit staff to be engaged in the process, nurses tend to be more collaborative, thus creating a unit culture of support and accomplishment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Portion of a research article where interpretation of the results and how the findings extend the body of knowledge are discussed |
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Term
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Definition
| A test for construct validity in which new instruments are administered at the same time as an instrument measuring the opposite of the concept. Scores of the two instruments are compared. Strong negative correlations indicate good validity. |
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Term
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Definition
| An estimate of how large a difference will be observed between the groups. When researchers expect that the effect size is large, fewer subjects will be needed to detect differences between the groups. If the effect of an intervention is small, a larger sample is needed to be able to statistically demonstrate that the intervention was effective |
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Term
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Definition
| Threats to external validity when the sample does not represent the population |
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Term
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Definition
| The insider’s or participant’s perspective |
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Term
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Definition
| Verifiable by experience through the five senses or experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| Collection of objectively measurable data that are gathered through the five senses to confirm or refute a hypothesis; hypothesis testing |
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Term
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Definition
| An attribute of reliability in which there is agreement between alternate forms of an instrument or alternate raters |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of qualitative research that describes a culture |
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Term
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Definition
| Systematic study and classification of nursing care beliefs, values, and practices in a particular culture |
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Term
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Definition
| A method used in anthropology to discover new knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| The outsider’s view of a culture or phenomenon |
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Term
| Evidence-based practice (EBP) |
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Definition
| Practice based on the best available evidence, patient preferences, and clinical judgment |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristics of elements that will not be included in the sample (predetermined) |
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Term
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Definition
| A category of research whereby researchers do not have to obtain consent from subjects. Certain low-risk studies can be considered exempt from obtaining consent from individuals. These studies still need IRB approval. There are six exempt categories of research (Table 2-7). These exemptions do not apply to prisoners, pregnant women, fetuses, newborns, and most children (National Cancer Institute, n.d.). Researchers should never assume that their proposals qualify for exempt status, but rather they must follow the policies specified in their organizations. Most policies require that another person, usually the IRB chairperson, review proposals to ensure that they qualify for exempt status. p. 58 |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of review by an institutional review board that can occur quickly |
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Term
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Definition
| Research design involving random assignment to groups and manipulation of the independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| A category of research that is concerned with identifying relationships among phenomena |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonexperimental design used when little is known about a phenomenon |
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Term
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Definition
| Research design in which researchers look back in time to determine possible causative factors; retrospective |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which the results of the study can be generalized to other subjects, settings, and times |
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Term
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Definition
| Factor that interferes with the relationship between the independent and dependent variables; confounding variable; Z variable |
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Term
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Definition
| A test for content validity when colleagues or subjects examine an instrument and are asked whether it appears to measure the concept it purports to |
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Term
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Definition
| A test for construct validity that is a statistical approach to identify items that group together. Most concepts have more than one dimension. These dimensions are known as factors. Researchers use factor analysis, a statistical approach, to identify questions that group around different factors. Thus, items that group together as one factor will have high correlations. These items may or may not highly correlate with items around a different factor. Questions that do not fit are altered or eliminated. Because factor analyses require complex, simultaneous computations of correlations, computers are needed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Experimental design allowing researchers to manipulate more than one intervention during the same experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| Time researchers spend interacting with participants through interviews, observations, and detailed records |
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Term
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Definition
| A strategy to obtain data from a small group of people using interview questions |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of review by an institutional review board that requires all members of the board to participate |
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Term
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Definition
| Person who facilitates or hinders the entry of the researcher into a particular group or setting |
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Term
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Definition
| Grades of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation; an international, universal system for evaluating evidence. The GRADE system ranks the strength and quality of evidence into four levels: (1) high, (2) moderate, (3) low, and (4) very low. The recommendation is either (1) strong or (2) weak. http://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/FAQ/index.htm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unpublished reports, conference papers, and grant proposals |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of qualitative research that examines the process of a phenomenon and culminates in the generation of a theory. Grounded theory is the method of choice when the researcher wants to discover the process of something. The general question being asked is: What is the process of . . . ? This method is most commonly used in areas where there is little or no previous research. steps: 1) obtaining accurate evidence, 2) making empirical generalizations, 3) specifying a concept, 4) verifying theory, and 5) generating theory. p. 199 |
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Term
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Definition
| Behaviors of subjects in a study that are affected by personal values or desires to please the experimenter; reactivity |
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Term
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Definition
| Research involving phenomena, such as cost, political factors, and culture, related to the delivery of health care |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which elements are diverse or not alike |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of qualitative method used to examine events or people to explain and understand the past with the hope of guiding the present and future |
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Term
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Definition
| A threat to internal validity when the dependent variable has been influenced by some event that occurred during the study. The threat of history occurs when the DV may have been influenced by some event, other than the IV, that occurred during the course of the study. |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which elements are similar or homogenous |
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Term
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Definition
| Collection of objectively measurable data that are gathered through the five senses to confirm or refute a hypothesis; empirical testing; a test for construct validity |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronicles by qualitative researchers using storytelling and more personal descriptions about the experience of conducting the study. Impressionist tales allow researchers to chronicle their experiences in a “sort of auto-ethnography” Researchers speak more personally about the experiences of conducting the study, and they are participant observers versus disconnected realists. These reports are often more like storytelling and help the reader relive the experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristics that each element must possess to be included in the sample |
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Term
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Definition
| A variation of the t test used when data values vary independently from one another |
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Term
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Definition
| Variable that influences the dependent variable or outcome; intervention or treatment that is manipulated by the researcher; X variable |
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Term
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Definition
| Quantitative criteria used to measure outcomes p 442 |
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Term
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Definition
| Thinking that moves from the particular to the general |
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Term
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Definition
| Analysis of data as the basis for prediction related to the phenomenon of interest (predictive statistics) |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual in a qualitative study; participant |
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Term
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Definition
| Threat to internal validity when changes are made in the way variables are measured or when data collectors obtain data in an inconsistent manner. To control for this threat, researchers need to ensure comprehensive training of all data collectors. Researchers also evaluate interrater reliability to determine the degree of consistency among individuals collecting data. p. 152 |
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Term
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Definition
| Scholarly papers that synthesize published studies and articles to answer questions about phenomena of interest |
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Term
| Interaction of treatment and history |
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Definition
| A threat to external validity concerning how the effects from the intervention might be changed by events occurring in the past or future |
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Term
| Interaction of treatment with selection of subjects |
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Definition
| A threat to external validity that concerns whether the independent variable will affect other individuals in the same way. This requires consideration of the difference between the accessible population and the target population of interest |
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Term
| Interaction of treatment and setting |
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Definition
| A threat to external validity when an intervention conducted in one setting cannot be generalized to another setting where the same intervention is used |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes that occur after an innovation is introduced. Lifestyle modifications, such as weight loss and smoking cessation after enrolling in a wellness program, can be examples of intermediate outcomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| An attribute of reliability when all items on an instrument measure the same concept |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which one can conclude that the independent variable, not extraneous variables, produced changes in the dependent variable. To establish internal validity, researchers must demonstrate that results obtained were caused by the IV. Common threats to internal validity include selection bias, history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, mortality, and statistical conclusion validity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A test for instrument reliability when two observers measure the same event. Scores are correlated. Strong positive correlations indicate good reliability |
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Term
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Definition
| A continuum of numeric values with equal intervals but lacks an absolute zero |
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Term
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Definition
| Component part of a research article that contains a statement of the problem and a purpose statement |
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Term
| Iowa model for EBP to promote quality care |
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Definition
| A systematic method explaining how organizations change practice. In this model nurses consider the following questions: is the topic a priority for the organization, is there a sufficient research base, and is change appropriate for adoption for practice? |
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Term
| Item to total correlation |
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Definition
| A test for instrument reliability when each item is correlated to the total score; reliable items have strong correlations with the total score. Items with low correlations to the total score are examined, and decisions are made to change or eliminate them. |
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Term
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Definition
| The principle of equity or fairness in the distribution of burdens and benefits |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals who have intimate knowledge of a subject and are willing to share it with the researcher |
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Term
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Definition
| A test for construct validity in which new instruments are administered to individuals known to be high or low on the characteristic being measured. Researchers expect that there will be significantly different scores between the high group and the low group. p. 231 |
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Term
| Kuder-Richardson coefficient |
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Definition
| A test for instrument reliability for use with dichotomous items; using a computer, all items are simultaneously compared |
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Term
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Definition
| The peakedness or flatness of a distribution of [image]data |
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Term
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Definition
| Predetermined scales that guide decisions for ranking evidence; evidence hierarchies |
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Term
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Definition
| A system of classifying measurements according to a hierarchy of measurement and the type of statistical tests that are appropriate; levels are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio |
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Term
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Definition
| Ordinal level scale containing seven points on an agree or disagree continuum. Seven points allows for a neutral opinion. Some researchers find a neutral response hard to interpret. Therefore, researchers may adapt the scale to eliminate the neutral point by having an even number of points. Scales containing fewer than seven points are known as Likert–type scales |
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Term
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Definition
| Design used to gather data about subjects at more than one point in time |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary changes in patient behaviors or status such as a reduction in blood cholesterol levels |
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Term
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Definition
The strength of the relationship existing between two variables. A correlation can range from a perfect positive correlation of 1.00 to a perfect negative correlation of 1.00. A correlation of zero means that there is no relationship between the two variables. It is generally accepted that correlations ranging between 0.10 and 0.30 are considered to be weak, 0.30 to 0.50 moderate, and greater than 0.50 strong; however, the final determination is based on the variables being examined. It is important to remember that magnitude is not dependent on or related to the direction of the correlation.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| Data that must be shared with supervising or governmental agencies according to a specified timeline |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of researchers to control the independent variable p. 146 |
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Term
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Definition
| A scholarly paper prior to its publication |
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Term
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Definition
| A threat to internal validity when subjects change by growing or becoming more mature p. 151 |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference between the true score and the observed score p. 228 |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures providing information about how different data are within a set; measures of dispersion |
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Term
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Definition
| A strategy for qualitative studies in which the researcher goes back to participants and shares the results with them to ensure the findings reflect what participants said |
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Term
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Definition
| A technique used in qualitative research to record ideas that come to researchers as they live with the data |
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Term
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Definition
| cholarly papers that combine results of studies, both published and unpublished, into a measurable format and statistically estimate the effects of proposed interventions |
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Term
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Definition
| Scholarly papers that combine results from qualitative studies |
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Term
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Definition
| Studies for the purpose of creating and testing new instruments |
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Term
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Definition
| Major portion of a research article describing the study design, sample, and data collection |
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Term
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Definition
| The probability and magnitude of harm from participating in a research study is not greater than what is ordinarily encountered in daily life |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of modes found in a data distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| Pictorial representation of concepts and their interrelationships |
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Term
| Model of diffusion of innovations |
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Definition
| A model describing how new ideas become accepted. The model includes four major concepts: innovation, communication, time, and social system. Rogers (2003) defines diffusion as “the process by which (1) an innovation (2) is communicated through certain channels (3) over time (4) among the members of a social system” |
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Term
| Model of EBP levels of collaboration |
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Definition
A model explaining how five levels are intertwined to contribute to EBP
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| Correlational design to test a hypothesized theoretical model; causal modeling or path analysis. All related variables are identified, and specific hypothesized relationships are stated. Researchers create graphic representations or paths to show the relationships among the variables. Then statistical analysis is done to test all of the relationships at one time. The analysis will determine how well the data collected actually “fit” the hypothesized model. The better the fit of the model to the analysis, the more likely it is that the predicted theoretical relationships are true in reality. p. 179 |
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Term
| Multiple experimental groups |
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Definition
| Experimental design using two or more experimental groups with one control group |
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Term
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Definition
| An inferential statistical test used to describe the relationship of three or more variables. A change in one variable is usually the result of many factors. Thus, when researchers want to study the relationship of many independent variables on a dependent variable, they use multiple regression; used when variables are measured at the interval or ratio level. p. 331 |
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Term
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Definition
| Test for construct validity in which a new instrument, established instrument of same concept, and established instrument of opposite concept are given at the same time; strong positive and negative correlations indicate good validity |
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Term
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Definition
| Article based on only the very common or uncommon elements of works with little concern for research methods, designs, or settings; traditional literature review |
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Term
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Definition
| A qualitative strategy involving the analysis of cases that do not fit patterns or categories used to enhance transferability |
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Term
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Definition
| A distribution when the mean is less than the median and the mode; the longer tail is pointing to the left |
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Term
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Definition
| The lowest level of measurement whereby data are categorized simply into groups; categorical data e.g. sex, occupation |
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Term
| Nondirectional hypothesis |
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Definition
| A hypothesis stating that a relationship exists between two variabled but it does not predict the direction of the relationship |
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Term
| Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest |
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Definition
| A quasi-experimental design where two groups are measured before and after an intervention. differs from the classic experimental design in that researchers are unable to randomly assign subjects to groups. Because researchers are unable to randomize in these designs, the nonintervention group is referred to as a comparison group rather than a control group. Researchers are able to measure both groups on the DV prior to and after the intervention p. 173 |
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Term
| Nonequivalent groups posttest only |
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Definition
| A quasi-experimental design involving two groups who are measured after an intervention with little control for extraneous variables. often referred to as preexperimental rather than quasi-experimental. The difference between pre- and quasi-experimental designs is that quasi-experimental designs, while lacking some elements of an experiment, use other strategies to control for extraneous variables. Many threats to internal validity can be found in these posttest only designs. One group posttest only designs provide a low level of evidence, and no change in nursing practice should be made based on this type of design. |
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Term
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Definition
| A research design that lacks manipulation of the independent variable and random assignment to groups |
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Term
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Definition
| Inferential statistics involving nominal or ordinal level data to infer to the population. For example, data collected using Likert scales would be analyzed using nonparametric tests. Because these tests are considered to be less powerful, the level of confidence nurses have about inferring to the population is not as strong as when parametric tests are used. |
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Term
| Nonpropositional knowledge |
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Definition
| The art of nursing or knowledge that is obtained through practice |
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Term
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Definition
| When critical values fall within three standard deviations of the mean; findings do not support the research hypothesis; findings that support the null hypothesis. Statistically significant critical values fall in the tails of the normal distributions, usually three standard deviations from the mean or where about only 0.3% of the data occur. Thus, when critical values are in that area, researchers believe it is appropriate to claim that the findings did not happen by chance. |
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Term
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Definition
| A representation of data having a distinctive bell-shaped curve and is symmetric about the mean |
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Term
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Definition
| A hypothesis stating that there is no relationship between the variables; the statistical hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
Ethical code of conduct to guide investigators when conducting research using human subjects
1. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential.
2. The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature.
3. The experiment should be so designed and based on the results of animal experimentation and a knowledge of the natural history of the disease or other problem under study that the anticipated results will justify the performance of the experiment.
4. The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury. |
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Term
| Nursing-sensitive outcomes |
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Definition
| Results that demonstrate the effectiveness of nursing care. Outcomes of nursing care should be measurable. These measurements can assist in determining responsibility in patient care. Outcome-based measurements are a means used to establish evidence-based practice (EBP) and to evaluate the care delivered. |
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Term
| Nursing quality indicators |
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Definition
Outcomes of nursing care, identified by the American Nurses Association, meant to address patient safety and quality of care. Organizations committed to quality assurance collect data on the following initiatives:
< Patient satisfaction with pain management
< Patient satisfaction with educational information
< Patient satisfaction with overall care
< Patient satisfaction with nursing care
< Mix of RNs, licensed practical nurses (LPNs), and unlicensed staff caring for patients in acute care settings
< Total nursing care hours provided per patient day
< Pressure ulcers
< Patient falls
< Nosocomial infection rate
< Nursing staff satisfaction |
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Term
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Definition
| A preexperimental design involving one group and a posttest with little control for extraneous variables |
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Term
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Definition
| The grouping of qualitative data into categories that seem logical. p. 343 |
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Term
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Definition
| Definitions that explicitly state how the variable will be measured or operationalized; empirical definitions (vs. conceptual)p. 127 |
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Term
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Definition
| A continuum of numeric values where the intervals are not meant to be equal e.g. Likert |
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Term
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Definition
| Studies about the effects of care and treatments on individuals and populations |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of longitudinal design in which the same subjects, drawn from the general population, provide data at multiple points in time e.g. national nurses' health study |
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Term
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Definition
| A test for instrument reliability where new instruments are given in two different versions. Scores are correlated. Strong positive correlations indicate good reliability; also known as alternate form |
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Term
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Definition
| Inferential statistical tests involving interval- or ratio-level data to infer to the population. Parametric tests are used to infer to the population when specific conditions have been met: These conditions include: a) use of probability sampling, b) normal distribution of data, c) measurement of variables at the interval or ratio level, and d) reduction of error. These important conditions make parametric tests especially powerful. When parametric tests are used, nurses can have high levels of confidence about the conclusions made. |
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Term
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Definition
| Role of the researcher in qualitative methods when the researcher is not merely an observer but also a participant during data collection. Because researchers are considered to be tools for obtaining information, they cannot be merely a detached observer in most cases. The role of participant observer takes on an even greater meaning if the researcher has personally experienced the phenomenon being studied.In such a case, however, the researcher must be careful not to allow the bias of personal experience to cloud the results that arise from the data being collected from others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lack of consideration given to adopting an innovation; hence old practices are continued |
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Term
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Definition
| An inferential statistic used when two variables are measured at the interval or ratio level. When researchers pose hypotheses about the relationships among variables, they are testing for the significance of the correlation coefficient. When two variables are measured at the interval or ratio level, they calculate the Pearson’s r statistic. The degrees of freedom for this test are always N - 2, which means that the correlation coefficient can be affected by the sample size. It is possible for a small correlation coefficient to be statistically significant when there is a large sample. In the literature, the notation r = 0.62, p < 0.01 is used. A helpful way to think about variance is to think of a pie chart. The entire pie chart represents all the variables that can contribute to changes in the dependent variable. Each r2 indicates how large a section of the pie chart that variable earns. With this information, knowledge of one variable can be used to predict the value of the other variable. p. 331 |
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Term
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Definition
| A technique used in qualitative research when the researcher enlists the help of another person, who is a peer, to discuss the data and findings. Peer debriefing provides researchers with another professional’s opinion and views of the data. A peer debriefing should be at the same educational and positional level as the researcher and be considered a colleague but not a supervisor or boss. |
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Term
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Definition
| A descriptive statistic used to group data to make results more comprehensible; calculated by dividing the frequency of an event by the total number of events p. 297 |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure or rank representing the percentage of cases that a given value exceeds |
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Term
| Performance-related outcomes |
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Definition
| A type of outcome related to how nurses perform their job |
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Term
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Definition
| When the researcher has spent sufficient quality time with participants attempting to describe and capture the essence of the phenomenon |
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Term
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Definition
| A way of conveying the meaning of experiences through a storytelling approach |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of qualitative research that describes the lived experience to achieve understanding of an experience from the perspective of the participants |
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Term
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Definition
| Data obtained from the measurement of biological, chemical, and micro-biological phenomena |
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Term
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Definition
| A small study to test a new intervention with a small number of subjects before testing with larger samples; adopting an innovation on a trial basis |
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Term
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Definition
| The entire group of elements that meet study inclusion criteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristics of a population that are inferred from characteristics of a sample |
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Term
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Definition
| Calculated by using the formula (n + 1)/2, where n is the number of data values in the set |
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Term
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Definition
| A distribution in which the mean is greater than the median and the mode; longer tail is pointing to the right |
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Term
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Definition
| A statistical method used to determine the acceptable sample size to detect the true effect of the independent variable. When nurses read that a power analysis was conducted, they can have greater confidence that the sample size was appropriate for the study and be confident applying the findings to the target population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Systematically developed statements to assist healthcare providers with making appropriate decisions about health care for specific clinical circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
| A strategy used to narrow the parameters of a literature search. When a search term displays a precise retrieval, the records are usually smaller in number but more closely matched to the entered search terms. This search strategy is best when the information being sought has been written about in a number of authoritative sources by a number of knowledgeable people. The search can be narrowed without undue concern about the loss of some relevant records because it is likely that the search contained needed information in the retrieved records. |
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Term
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Definition
| Correlational design in which researchers hypothesize which variables are predictors and which are outcomes. lthough researchers may be able to predict a statistically significant relationship, the design is still correlational and causality cannot be assumed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A category of research concerned with forecasting precise relationships between dimensions of phenomena or differences between groups. This category of research addresses “when” the phenomena will occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| A test for criterion-related validity where a new instrument is given at two different times and scores are correlated. Strong positive correlations indicate good validity |
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Term
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Definition
| A posttest only design that involves manipulation of the independent variable but lacks control for extraneous variables |
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Term
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Definition
| A formal statement describing the problem addressed in the study |
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Term
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Definition
| A statement about the relationship between two or more concepts |
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Term
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Definition
| The science of nursing or knowledge that is obtained from research and scholarship. “formal, explicit, derived from research and scholarship and concerned with generalisability” |
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Term
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Definition
| Studies that begin in the present by identifying presumed causes and then follow subjects into the future to determine if the hypothesized effects actually occur |
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Term
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Definition
| A statement indicating the aim of the study |
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Term
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Definition
A model showing how evidence can be categorized from strong to weak
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| Limiting fields of search, commonly using limits such as author, title, or subject |
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Term
| Qualitative data analysis |
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Definition
| The production of knowledge that results from analysis of words. Using words versus numbers to explain phenomena is both more subjective and more labor intensive. the process of breaking down, examining, comparing, conceptualizing, and categorizing data |
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Term
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Definition
| Research designs involving the manipulation of the independent variable but lack either random assignment to groups or a control group |
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Term
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Definition
| Error that occurs by chance during measurement. It is difficult for researchers to control for random error because it results from transient factors. Random error can be attributed to subject factors, instrumentation variations, or environmental factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Technique for selecting elements whereby each has the same chance of being selected |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference between the maximum and minimum values in a data set |
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Term
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Definition
| The highest level of measurement that involves numeric values that begin with an absolute zero and have equal intervals |
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Term
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Definition
| A real-life account of the culture being studied presented in a third person voice clearly separating researchers from participants |
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Term
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Definition
| A technique used in qualitative research when multiple sources of data are compared and the findings hold true. Referential adequacy is satisfied when a researcher can refer to other sources of data, such as photos or journals, for comparison and have the results hold true when referencing these other data. |
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Term
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Definition
| Obtainment of consistent measurements over time |
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Term
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Definition
The degree to which elements of the sample are like elements in the population
Four Steps to Ensure Representative Samples
1. Define and clearly articulate the target population for the study by listing all of the essential characteristics of the target population or eligibility criteria for inclusion in the study.
2. Identify the population the researcher has access to for the study, taking care to verify that the accessible population closely resembles the target population by using the same eligibility criteria.
3. Develop a method to approach the accessible population. Some researchers refer to this as a sampling frame. The sampling frame is a practical method used to gain access to the population that is readily available to the researcher.
4. Select subjects from the accessible population to include in the sample. |
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Term
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Definition
| An ethical rule stating that nurses should conduct research |
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Term
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Definition
| An interrogatory statement describing the variables and population of the research study (PICOT question) |
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Term
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Definition
| Principle based on ethical conviction that individuals should be treated as autonomous and that individuals with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection |
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Term
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Definition
| Component of a research article where the methods used to analyze data and characteristics of the sample are reported |
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Term
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Definition
| Research design in which researchers look back in time to determine possible causative factors; expost facto |
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Term
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Definition
| A section of a research article that contains an unbiased, comprehensive, synthesized description of relevant previously published studies |
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Term
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Definition
| Rule stating that for every sample 68% of the data will fall within one standard deviation of the mean; 95% will fall within two standard deviations of the mean; 99.7% of the data will fall within three standard deviations of the mean |
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Term
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Definition
| A select group of elements that is representative of all eligible elements |
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Term
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Definition
| Numerical data describing characteristics of the sample |
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Term
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Definition
| threat to external validity when a sample includes elements that over- or underrepresent characteristics when compared to elements in the target population |
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Term
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Definition
| Error resulting when elements in the sample do not adequately represent the population |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to assign a numeric value or score on a continuum e.g. Likert scales, pain scale |
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Term
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Definition
| Commentaries, summaries, reviews, or interpretation of primary sources; often written by those not involved in the original work |
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Term
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Definition
| A threat to internal validity that occurs when the change in the dependent variable is a result of differences in the characteristics of the subjects before they entered a study. Selection bias can be minimized somewhat by the use of random assignment to groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| The range of the middle 50% of the data |
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Term
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Definition
| The alpha level established prior to the beginning of a study usually <.05 or <.01 |
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Term
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Definition
| A hypothesis describing the relationship between two variables |
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Term
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Definition
| An asymmetrical distribution of data |
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Term
| Solomon four group design |
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Definition
| An experimental design involving four groups, some of which receive the intervention and others that serve as controls. Some groups are measured before and after the intervention while others are measured only after the intervention. p. 168 |
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Term
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Definition
| A test for instrument reliability in which the items are divided to form two instruments. Give both instruments and compare the halves |
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Term
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Definition
| An attribute of reliability when instruments render the same scores with repeated measures under the same circumstances |
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Term
| Statistical conclusion validity |
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Definition
| The confidence one has that the results of the statistical analysis accurately reflect the true relationship between the independent and dependent variables |
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Term
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Definition
Step-by-step instructions for integrating research into practice
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to accept results as logical, reasonable, and justifiable based on the evidence presented |
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Term
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Definition
| Error that occurs in the same way with each measurement |
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Term
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Definition
| Inferential statistical test to determine if a statistically significant difference between the groups exists |
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Term
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Definition
| A threat to internal validity when a pretest influences the way subjects respond on a posttest |
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Term
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Definition
| A test for instrument reliability when new instruments are given at two different times under the same conditions. Scores are correlated. Strong positive correlations indicate good reliability. |
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Term
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Definition
| The structure of a study that links the theory concepts to the study variables; a section of a research article that describes the theory used |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of concepts linked through propositions to provide an explanation of a phenomenon |
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Term
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Definition
| An ethical rule stating that nurses should perform actions that benefit the patient |
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Term
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Definition
| A quasi-experimental design where one group is measured prior to administering the intervention and then multiple times after the intervention is concluded. This type of design may be used when neither randomization nor a comparison group is possible. Researchers may opt to study one group over a prolonged period of time prior to administering the intervention and then make multiple observations after the intervention is conducted. p. 173 |
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Term
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Definition
One of four criteria for a trustworthy qualitative study relating to whether findings from one study can be transferred to a similar context.
ways to enhance: Clear explanation of the boundaries/limitations of the study
Description of the context of the study
Thick description
Deliberately trying to find negative case examples
Checking for representativeness of the data |
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Term
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Definition
| Research for the purpose of linking research findings to the point of care. “transforms scientific findings or discoveries from basic laboratory, clinical, or population studies into new clinical tools, processes, or applications” |
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Term
| Translational research model |
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Definition
Provides specific strategies organizations can use to improve adoption of an evidence-based innovation
Specific components of this model describe how characteristics of the innovation, communication process, social system, and users lead to the adoption of innovations. Organizational characteristics that influence the use of EBP include providing expectations that policies are evidence based, access to clinical researchers, authority to change practice, and support from peers, administrators, and other disciplines |
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Term
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Definition
| use nonexperimental designs to gather data about the variables of interest from different samples from the target population across time p. 159 |
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Term
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Definition
The quality, authenticity, and truthfulness of findings from qualitative research
It relates to the degree of trust, or confidence, readers have in the results. Trustworthiness can be established by meeting four criteria: credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when the researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it should have been accepted |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when researchers inaccurately conclude that there is no relationship between the independent and dependent variables when an actual relationship does exist |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which a number of alternatives are perceived with respect to the occurrence of an event and the relative probability of these alternatives. Individuals typically select to adopt an innovation when uncertainty is reduced. When there is a significant amount of uncertainty about a new innovation, individuals generally reject adopting the innovation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of statistical tests to provide information about one variable. includes information regarding frequency distributions, measures of central tendency, shape of the distribution, and measures of variability |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree that an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure |
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Term
| Visual analog scale (VAS) |
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Definition
| Ratio level scale of a 100 mm line anchored on each end with words or symbols |
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Term
| Wheel of professionalism in nursing |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| To make comparisons among unlike data requires that all the data means be converted to standardized units called standardized or z scores. Z scores are then used to describe the distance a score is away from the mean per standard deviation. Using the z score allows researchers to compare unlike data such as age and weight. |
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