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| 14th and 15th century movement challenging medieval values. |
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author of The Prince; emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain
power. |
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| a focus on humanity as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor. |
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| cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; influenced by earlier |
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centered in France, Low Countries, England, ad Germany; featured greater emphasis
on religion than the Italian Renaissance. |
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King of France; a Renaissance monarch; patron of the arts; imposed new controls on Catholic
church; ally of Ottoman sultan against the Holy Roman emperor. |
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introduced movable type to western Europe in the 15th century; greatly expanded
the availability of printed materials. |
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emerged in 15th century; involved a later marriage age and a primary emphasis
on the nuclear family. |
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German Catholic monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation; emphasized the
primacy of faith for gaining salvation in place of Catholic sacraments; rejected papal authority. |
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general wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church; formally began with Martin
Luther in 1517. |
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| form of Protestantism in England established by Henry VIII. |
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French Protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group in
Geneva; in the long run encouraged wider public education and access to government. |
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Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic
doctrine. |
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Catholic religious order founded during Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and
missionary work outside of Europe. |
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1598 grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants after lengthy civil wars between
Catholics and Protestants. |
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war from 1618 to 1648 between German Protestants and their allies and the holy
Roman Emperor and Spain; caused great destruction. |
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ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right of individual rulers and cities to
choose their own religion for their people; Netherlands gained independence. |
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conflict from 1640 to 1660; included religious and constitutional issues concerning
the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of a limited monarchy. |
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class of people without access to producing property; usually manufacturing workers, paid
laborers in agriculture, or urban poor; product of the economic changes of the 16th and 17th centuries. |
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outburst reflecting uncertainties about religious truth and resentments against the
poor, especially women;. |
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process culminating in Europe during the 17th century; period of empirical
advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; became a central focus of
Western culture. |
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Polish monk and astronomer; disproved Hellenistic belief that the sun was at the center of
the universe. |
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| resolved basic issues of planetary motion and accomplished important work in optics. |
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English physician who demonstrated the circular movement of blood in animals and the
function of the heart as pump. |
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philosopher who established the importance of the skeptical review of all received
wisdom; argued that human wisdom could develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of
nature. |
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English scientist; author of Principia; drew the various astronomical and physical
observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of
motion and defined forces of gravity. |
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concept of god during the scientific revolution; the role of divinity was limited to setting natural
laws in motion. |
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English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through their senses and
reason; argued that the power of government came from the people, not from the divine right of kings;
they had the right to overthrow tyrants. |
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concept of government developed during the rise of the nation state in western
Europe during the 17th century; monarchs held the absolute right to direct their state. |
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| French king who personified absolute monarchy. |
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17th and 18th century economic theory that stressed government promotion of internal and
international policies to strengthen the economic power of the state. |
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English political settlement of 1688; and 1689 which affirmed that parliament had
basic sovereignty over the king. |
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Prussian king who introduced Enlightenment reforms; included freedom of religion
and increased state control of economy. |
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intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; argued for scientific
advance, the application of scientific methods to study human society; believed that rational laws could
describe social behavior. |
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established new school of economic thought; argued that governments should avoid
regulation of economies in favor of the free play of market forces. |
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English feminist thinker; argued that political rights should be
extended to women. |
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