Term
| Washingtons farwell address and the electionn of 1796 |
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Definition
- Laid out principles for American policy
o Warned against alliance with other countries
o Denounced internal political division
- Accomplishments of administration signification
o Managed foreign affairs
o Laid basis for federal government
- Bitter struggle over who would succeed Washington in 1796
o Intrigue and partisanship reigned
o John Adam elected president, Thomas Jefferson vice president |
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Term
| trouble with france 1796-1800 |
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Definition
- Foreign affair difficulties with France
o Jays treaty angered French, resulting in trade difficulties
o XYZ affair made the situation worse
Adam asked congress to begin was preparations
France instituted new economic sanctions
- Foreign affairs problems let to crisis at home
o Alien and sedition acts
o Republicans responded with Virginia and Kentucky resolves denouncing the act as unconditional
- Drift toward war with France worried Adams
o Made peace with France in 1800 at great political cost
Lost the presidency to Jefferson in 1800 |
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Term
| The Jeffersonian in power |
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Definition
- Jefferson’s inaugural address laid out his goals
o Respect for power of states
o Defense of bill of rights
o Small federal state
o Frugality in spending so as not to incur national debt
- Efforts to purge federalist from the courts
o Repealed judiciary act of 1801
o Midnight judges
o Impeachments against john Pickering and Samuel chase
- John Marshall at the supreme court
o Marbury vs. madison
Introduced practice of judicial review |
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Term
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Definition
- Louisiana purchase
o Opportunity presented because of French setback in the Caribbean
o Would protect American access to Mississippi and enlarge country
o Raised constitutional questions for Jefferson
Resolved them by reasoning that ends justified the means
o Jefferson believed the purchase provided the nation with the chance to renew itself. |
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Term
| Postcolonial society 1790-1815 |
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Definition
- Generally a nation of farmer householders in 1789
o First goal was to provide sustenance for families
o Second was attaining competence
Living up to community standards and protecting long term independence of their households
o Most farmers produced a variety of crops and animals
- Increase in foreign demand for American food, 1789-1815 helped to solidify sex segregation in farm work.
o Men increasingly worked fields
o Women managed the household
- Standards of living varied
o Poor families lived simple lives
Couldn’t afford to paint their houses or landscape
Animals foraged near houses
Little furniture
Common bowl at meal times and communal sleeping
o The nations five largest cities in 1790 were all seaport cities
Merchants amassed large fortunes
New institutions created to support manufacturing and commerce
o Masses of poverty remained in seaport cities
Undemocratic distribution of wealth in society
o Erosion of position of skilled artisans
Increasing reliance on unskilled slop workers
Undercut patriarchal status of father and husband |
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Term
| From back country to frontier |
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Definition
- Indians in possession of almost all land granted to the united states in the traty of paris
- White settlers adapted some indian ways
o Daniel boone
o High levels of violence and alcohol
o White savages
- Indians push back in war of 1812
o By 1790 100000 settlers west of Appalachians
o Land purchased from speculators
o By 1820 it is called fronties |
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Term
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Definition
- Decline of patriarchal authority affected many aspects of everyday life
o Affected courtship and marriage patterns
o Young people marrying for love
o Rise in number of pregnancies out of marriage
- Dramatic increase in alcohol consumption
o Whiskey became the national drinking the fifty years after the revolution
o Heavy drinking amoung almost all levels of society
o Getting drunk became an outright goal. |
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Term
| Transportation revolution |
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Definition
- National road completed in 1818
o Linked Potomac river with Ohio river at wheeling Virginia
- Steamboat made commercial agriculture possible in the west
o Robert Fulton
o By 1820 69 steam boats operating on western rivers
- Erie Canal 1825
o Stretched 364 miles from buffalo to Albany
o Funded by new york state
o Encouraged other states to follow suit
- Time and cost of long distance transport considerably diminished
- Foreign trade increase dramatically after 1840
- Unified national market uniting the industrial northeast and mid-atlantic and the commercial farm of the old northwest
o South largely excluded |
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Term
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Definition
- Cotton profitable only for large plantations
o In 1830 only 1/3 of southern white owned any slaves
o Taxes drove poor white out of good land
o Many settled in areas unsuited for plantation crops
o Some yeoman produced livestock over plantation crops a larger group practiced mixed farming
o Subsistence plus agriculture
- Yeoman neighborhoods
o Farms self-sufficient, traded labor and goods with each other
o Marketed surplus at country stores
o Lived simple life with few luxuries
o Relied a great deal on family labor |
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Term
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Definition
- Plantations success rested on slave master accommodations
o Slaves privileges helped to ensure obedience and order
o Slave marriages encouraged and respected
o Broad wives
o Still slave families were vulnerable
o Children often spread their affection across a broad extended family
- Southern evangelicals embrace slaves and considered their souls worth saving
o Difficulty was that many slaves refused to accept the legitimacy of slavery
- Led slaves to form their own churches
o Utilized conjuring, folk magic, root medicine and other occult knowledge, most of it passed down from Africa
o Gave slaves sense of themselves as a historical people |
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Term
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Definition
- Escapes and other forms of resistance more common than revolts
- Slave Christianity tempered resistance
o Gabriel revolt
Working covertly
Planned to gather a slave army to seize Richmond
Weather white terror and black betrayal foiled revolt
o Denmark Vesey conspiracy 1822
Slaves would rise up and seize Charleston
Then commandeer ships and make their escape
Betrayed by slaves themselves
o Nat turner revolt 1831
Received notice in vision that god wanted him to lead revolt in Southampton county Virginia
Bloody but unsuccessful revolt ensued
o Southern whites deeply troubled by slave revolts |
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Term
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Definition
- Civilized tribes still had large presence in old southwest by the 1820s
o Recognized as sovereign peoples by congress and treaties
- Southern white resented Indians presence and wanted control of their land
o Also raised question of state rights
- Struggle in Georgia between state government and the Cherokees |
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Term
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Definition
- Indian removal act of 1830 would move Cherokees to federal land west of Mississippi
- Supreme court intervention
o Cherokee nation v. Georgia 1830
- Worester v. Georgia 1832
o Banned goergia extension of state law into cheroke land
o Jackson refused to obey
- State continued to encroach on civilized tribes
- Trail of tears in 1838 completed removal |
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Term
| /southerners and the tariffs |
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Definition
- Tariff of 1826 designed to win votes for Jackson in old northwest and middle atlantic worried the south
o Denounced by southern legislature
- South Carolina took lead in opposition
o Spoke of nullification and made states right arguments
o Pressured on Jackson to make modification
- Tariff of 1832 reduced rates but kept tariffs in place
- Led south Carolina to nullify tariffs of 1832 and 1832 both
- Jackson refused to accept nullification
- Henry clay engineered compromised: tariff of 1833 |
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Term
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Definition
- Involved secretary of war john henry Eaton and his wife peggy
- Split the administration and Washington high society
o Entire cabinet save secretary of state Can buren shunned the Eatons
Opposition headed by vice president Calhoun
o Enraged Jackson who purged the offenders and made peggy Eaton his official hostess in the white house
- Power struggle between Calhoun and Van buren resuited in latters choice as vice president in 1832
o Van Buren then became Jacksons chosen successor
o Jackson came to rely increasingly on information |
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Term
| Petition the gag rule and the southern mails |
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Definition
- Evangelical adopted postal campaign in 1835
o Flooded mail with antislavery in 1836
- Began petition Campaign in 1836
o Bombarded congress with antislavery petitions
- Disagreement in Jackson administration about proper response
o Postal campaign thwarted through state censorship without federal interference |
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Term
| Jacksonian democracy and the market revolution |
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Definition
- Battle over appropriate government role in economy
- Second bank of the united States became focus of dispute
- Jackson opponents tried to engineer crisis by applying for bank recharter four years earlier
o Jackson vestoed with message that served as manifesto for Jacksonian democracy
o Tried to use veto against Jackson in presidential campaign of 1832
Backfield as public supported Jackson
- After winning reelection Jackson removed federal deposit from bank
o Took three treasury secretary’s before he found one willing to assets
- Jackson opponents tried to engineer crisis by applying for bank recharter four years early |
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Term
| Beginnings of the whing party |
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Definition
- Opposed to Jacksons executive usurpation
o Bank war
o Over use of veto
o Spoils system
- Core of old national reputation coalition became new whig party
o Joined by southerners upset at Jackson opposition to nullification
- Contunues partisan disagreement about the economy
o Government surplus demanded federal attention
Deposit act 1836 increased number of banks reciving federal deposit
Specie circular set rules for purchase of federal. |
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Term
| Second american party system |
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Definition
- Whigs ran sectional based campaigns in 1836
- Democrats ran a united front behind martin Van Buren
- Panic of 1837 hit just after Van buren took office
o Almost all segments of the economy hut
o Administration sought independent treasury as solution
o Whigs believed they had good chance to win in 1840
Blamed Van Buren for Panic
Sought to build consensus by nominating William henry Harrison |
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Term
| Jacksonian democracy and the south |
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Definition
- Staunchest support for Jackson in 1828
- Debate in administration over how best to protect the region
o Vice president Calhoun favored concept of slave |
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Term
| Gowth became watchword of america |
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Definition
- Growth became watchword of America
o Land acquired through annexation, negotiation and war
- Young America movement and manifest destiny
- Relentless pressure on limits of indian settlements
- Appeal of west as source of expansion
o Oregon and California were especially attractive
o Mission and presidios in California
- Mormon migration to Utah 1847
o Joseph smith, zion and polygamy |
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Term
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Definition
- At first, Mexican leaders encouraged u.S. settlement in texas
- Restrictions eventually imposed
- Texans declared and won independence in 1836
o The Alamo
o Battle of San jacinto
o Then petitioned for annexation to the united states
- Jackson then Van Buren refused to act on annexation
- After assuming office upon Harrison death tyler was ready to move
- Annexation treaty negotiated
o Defeated by northerners in congress who opposed expanding slavery
- Became an issue in election of 1844
o Democrat James K Polk |
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Term
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Definition
- Polk provoked to acquire California and New mexico
o First sought to purchase territories from mexico
o Buttress with show of force on Texas-Mexico border
- Declaration of war passed in May
o Almost all whigs supported though they had doubts
- War was a stunning and complete American victory
o Zachary taylor
o Stephen Kearney and alexander Doniphan
o John Fremont
o Winfield Scott
- War generated significant opposition at home
o Whig and northeasterners opposed
o Wilmot proviso tried to prevent expansion of slavery into any territory gained from mexico
Defeated along party line vote in congress
Framed national debate over slavery for next fifteen years
- Question of slavery made peace treaty with mexico difficult
o US gained California new mexico and favorable texas boundary
o Paid mexico $15 million in exchandler
o Wilmot proviso |
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Term
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Definition
- Many believed election would settle question of slavery
o Field of potential candidates was crowded
o Liberty party opposed expanding slaver endorsed john p hales
o john c. Calahoun articulated extreme states right position
o James Buchanan was middle ground democrat
o Lewis Cass championed popular sovereignty concepts
- Democrats nominated Cass
- Whigs went with Zachary Taylor
o Antislavery whigs bolted and joined liberty party
- Free soil party created to oppose slavery, choose Van Buren
- Taylor won with solid southern support with some backing from north |
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Term
| Gold ruch and california statehood |
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Definition
- Discovery of gold accelerated timetable for territorial organization
o Complicated by question of slavery
Southerners wanted unqualified acces for slavery
Northerners opposed expanision of slavery into California
- Issue heated up even further when taylor |
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Term
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Definition
- Henery clay sought to settle several outstanding questions
o Paired proposals to unite north and south
California as free state; rest of Mexican cession without restrictions on slavery
Texas boundary settlement to favor new mexico assumption of texas debt
Abolished slave trade in DC; protect slavery there unless Maryland and Virginia consented to abolition
Congress affirmed it had no jurisdiction over interstate slave trade, strong fugitive slave law |
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Term
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Definition
- Constitution provided for return of escaped slaves but controversy had always existed over how
o Antislavery movement hampered state compliance after 1830
o Prig v. Pennsylvania 1842 ruled that enforcement was entirely a federal responsibility
- Some northern state passed personal liberty laws to prevent recapture of fugitive slaves
o Underground railroad
o Northerners who did not necessarly oppose slavery opposed return of fugitives
o Southerners saw return as matter of honor and rights
- Law created extensive system for capturing and returning runaways
o Abolitionist vowed to resist
o Even non abolitionist were shocked at reality of enforcing the law
- Led to writing of uncle toms cabin in 1851; published in 1852
o Runaway best sellers
o Wide but hostile readership in south
o Help shape an entire generations view of slaver |
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Term
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Definition
- Target of southern interest for expanding slavery
- Purchased offer in 1848 rejected by spain
- Southerners sought to foster rebellion on the island
o Several efforts in the 1850 failed
- Kranklin pierce entered white house in 1853
o Plan to wrest cuba from spain instead
o Ostend manifesto 1854
o Generated international uproar and domestic furor
- Issue part of presidential campaign in 1860
o Secessionist crisis followed
- South also interested in central smerica
o Exploits of William walker in Nicaragua |
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Term
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Definition
- Target of southern interest for expanding slavery
- Purchased offer in 1848 rejected by spain
- Southerners sought to foster rebellion on the island
o Several efforts in the 1850 failed
- Kranklin pierce entered white house in 1853
o Plan to wrest cuba from spain instead
o Ostend manifesto 1854
o Generated international uproar and domestic furor
- Issue part of presidential campaign in 1860
o Secessionist crisis followed
- South also interested in central smerica
o Exploits of William walker in Nicaragua |
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Term
| Kansas and the rise of the republican party |
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Definition
- Kansas- Nebraska Act
o Proposed by Stephen a douglas of Illinois
o Land west of the Missouri to be organized into two territories
o Kansas west of Missouri; nebreaska west of iown and Minnesota
o Territorial legislatures would decide on slavery
o Missouri compromise explicitly repealed
- Caused firestorm of opposition in north
- Many opposed any expansion of slavery into the territories
o One vocal opponent was Abraham Lincoln of Illinois
- Completed destruction of Whigs as national party
o Damage began with divisive election of 1852
o All northern Whigs voted against Kansas-nebraska bill
o Party completely lost its southern support
- Emergence of new republication party |
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Term
| Kansas and the rise of the republican party |
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Definition
- Kansas- Nebraska Act
o Proposed by Stephen a douglas of Illinois
o Land west of the Missouri to be organized into two territories
o Kansas west of Missouri; nebreaska west of iown and Minnesota
o Territorial legislatures would decide on slavery
o Missouri compromise explicitly repealed
- Caused firestorm of opposition in north
- Many opposed any expansion of slavery into the territories
o One vocal opponent was Abraham Lincoln of Illinois
- Completed destruction of Whigs as national party
o Damage began with divisive election of 1852
o All northern Whigs voted against Kansas-nebraska bill
o Party completely lost its southern support
- Emergence of new republication party |
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Term
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Definition
- Significant increase in immigration after 1845
o 3million in decade after 1845
o Most roman Catholics
o Political power of immigrants also increased
Coalesced around issues of temperance and schools
Irish immigrants particular targets |
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Term
| Rise of the know nothings |
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Definition
- Emergence of the American party (know nothings)
o Supported multifaceted anti-immigrants/ nativist agenda
o Appealed to northern whigs who had not already became republicans
o Scored big gains in elections in 1854
o Redirected by republicans in 1855 toward cause of antislavery
o Split along sectional lines over slavery after 1855-1856
o Decreasing immigration meant decline in nativism |
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Term
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Definition
- Struggle for control of Kansas became intense after 1854
o Border ruffians for Missouri crossed into Kansas to vote illegally for slave government
o Majority favored free soil and opposed slaver
- Kansas became the leding issue in politics
o Two competing legislatures by 1856
- Dispute led to caning of senator Charles Sumner
- All out violence broke out in spring of 1856
- John browns raid on pottawatomie virtual civil war in Kansas territory
- Virtualy civil war in Kansas territory |
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Term
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Definition
- Republicans first truly sectional party in american history
o Anti-slavery and old whig support for internal improvements
o Ran john C. Fremont
- Democrats endorsed popular sovereignty
o Nominated james Buchanan
- American Party nominated ex-Whig Millard Fillmore
- Buchanan elected
o Allowed south to go on offensive over slavery |
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Term
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Definition
- Involved question of whether residence in an anti-slave territory made slave free
- Supreme court head case
o Majority of justice from south
o Declared Missouri compromise ban on slavery in the territories unconstitutional
o Hinged on defense/ protection of private property
- Created intense partisan feeling throughout country
- Intensifies rather than settled slave controversy |
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Term
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Definition
- Affort to legitimize pro-slavery government and prepare Kansas for entry into union as a slave state
- Maneuvered to keep anti-slave settlers from voting to guarantee a constitution that included slavery
- Buchanan administration recongnized pro-slavery constitution recommended statehood for Kansas
- Generated controversy in congress which eventually defeated state hood measure
- Issue split democratic party and discredited Stephen Douglas with partyaided in election of a republican president in 1860 |
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Term
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Definition
- North becoming industial
o More than a decade of unprecedented growth after 1845
o Role of slaver in creating distinct “north” and “south”
o US second leading industrial producer in the world by later 1850
o US pioneered mass production of interchangeable parts
o Helped by high level of US education
- South relied increasingly on slavery
o Region had what some called “colonial” economy
o King Cotton definded regions economy
o Defended slave system as better than the free market
o Writing of George Fitzhugh
- Labor conditions in north |
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Term
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Definition
- All work in a free society was honorable
- Slavery degraded manual labor by equating it with bondage
- Central components was social mobility
- Incompatible with slavery
- Became key feature of rebulican party platform
- Buttressed by hinton rowan helper the impending crisis of the south
o Called on nonslaveholding whites to overthrow the slave system
o Virtually banned in the south
o Huge impact in north
o Republican party even used as campaign propaganda |
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Term
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Definition
- Over election to US senate from Illinois in 1858
- Lincoln argument that nation could not remain forever half slave and half free
- Douglas professed no interest in slaver per se and defended it existence in the south
- Lincoln elevated to national prominence
- Douglas won senate seat but lost favor in south because he failed to vigorously defend the expanision of slavery into the territories
- Freeport doctrine |
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Term
| John browns raid at harpers ferry |
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Definition
- Attempt to seize federal arsenal and foment a slave uprise
- Raid subdued quickly
- Generated fear of slave insurrection in the south
- Northerners saw brown as martyr to anti-slavery cause
- Helped to contribute to unraveling of union |
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Term
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Definition
- Democrats endorse popular sovereignty rather than an overtly pro-slave platform
o Nominated Stephen douglas
- Southern rights democratic party left convention
o Nominated john C. Breckinridge
- Constitutional union party formed from whigs
o Nominated John Bell
- Republican platform pledge exclusion of slaver from territories
o Nominated Abraham Lincoln
- Southerners saw Lincoln nomination as threat to slavery
- Lincoln won with 40% of popular vote |
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Term
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Definition
- Lincoln election sparked fear of a total assault on slavery
- Brought to fore southern thinking on the nature of the union
o Saw as a voluntary compact
o Any state could leave whenever it wished
- Seven southern states had seceded by lincolns inauguration
- Most northerners saw secession as unconstitutional and treasonable
- Failed attept at compromise in 1860 |
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Term
| Establishment of the confederacy |
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Definition
- Constitution protected slavery in both the states and the territories
o Strengthened state sovereignty and limited governmental power
o Limited president to a single six-year term
- Sought to encourage upper south to secede |
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Term
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Definition
- Confederate demanded federal withdrawal from fort in Charleston harbor
o Federal forces hung on, but ran short on supplies
- Reaching crisis point when Lincoln was inaugurated in march 1861
o Decided to send unarmed supply ships to fort
- Confederacy attached fort before supplies could arrive
o Started what became the civil war in April 1861 |
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Term
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Definition
- In the north Lincoln issued immediate call for volunteers
o Response was overwhelming
- In south, public responded enthusiastically
o Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and north Carolina seceded
o Robert e lee
- Border state torn by divided semtiments
o Only delawre remained firmly in the union
o Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri contested ground
- West Virginia created in 1863
o Anti-slave in orientation, loual to union
- Indian territory and the southwest
o Tribes allied with the union and confederacy
o Union kept control of west and south west |
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Term
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Definition
- North superior in almost every category of measurement
o Higher population
o Larger military manpower
o Alkmost all of nations industrial capacity and registered shipping
- South did have some advantage
o Greater military experience amoung its commander
o Rural nature of southern life provided civilians with valuable skills
o Had begun preparing for war earlier than the north
o Had home front advantage in defending own territory
o Higher moral and deeper commitment to cause of war |
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Term
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Definition
- Military forced largely volunteer on both sides
- New military technology utilized
o Infantry rifle was most lethal weapon of war
o Infantry tectics gradually adjusted to new weapons
- General technology shaped course.outcome of war
o Railroads and steamship transported supplies and soldiers
o Telegraph provided for better communication
- War generally financed through a number of methods |
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Term
| Navies, the blockade, and foreign relations |
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Definition
- South employed “King Cotton Diplomacy”
o Hoped to win british support through lure of cotton export
o Export complicated by northern blockade of southern ports
South legitimized by keeping 1861 cotton crop home
Blockade seriously crippled south economy
o Confederacy sought international recognition
o Trent affair illustrated frustration of confederate diplomacy
- Conderate naval strategy focused on breaking union blockade
o Commissioned two commerce raided from british shipbuilders
- Naval technology advanced both sides capabilities
o Monitor v. Virginia 1862 |
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