Apple of Sodom

SN: Solanum sodomaeum

Toxin: Steroidal Alkaloid

Organ Affected: GI irritant (intact) and brain (free)
How it kills: causes anorexia , vomiting and diarrhoea. Has anticholinesterase activity which may leasd to ataxia, bradychardria, convulsions, paralysis, coma and death.

Blackberry Nightshade

SN:Solanum Nigrum

Toxin: Steroidal Alkaloid

Organ Affected: GI irritant (intact) and brain (free)
How it kills: causes anorexia , vomiting and diarrhoea. Has anticholinesterase activity which may leasd to ataxia, bradychardria, convulsions, paralysis, coma and death.

Sticky Tail Flower

SN: Anthocercis viscosa

Toxin: Steroidal Alkaloid

Organ Affected: GI irritant (intact) and brain (free)
How it kills: causes anorexia , vomiting and diarrhoea. Has anticholinesterase activity which may leasd to ataxia, bradychardria, convulsions, paralysis, coma and death.

Wedge Leaf Rattlepod

SN: Crotolaria retusa

Toxin: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

Organ Affected: liver

How it Kills: antimitotic activity in the liver (fibrosis, cirrhosis, decreased liver function.)

Paterson's Curse

SN: Echium plantaginaeum

Toxin: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

Organ Affected: liver

How it Kills: antimitotic activity in the liver (fibrosis, cirrhosis, decreased liver function.)

Common Heliotrope
SN: Heliotropium europaeum

Toxin: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

Organ Affected: liver

How it Kills: antimitotic activity in the liver (fibrosis, cirrhosis, decreased liver function.)

Ragwort
SN: Senecio jacobaea

Toxin: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

Organ Affected: liver

How it Kills: antimitotic activity in the liver (fibrosis, cirrhosis, decreased liver function.)

Cotton Fireweed

SN: Senecio quadridentatus

Toxin: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

Organ Affected: liver

How it Kills: antimitotic activity in the liver (fibrosis, cirrhosis, decreased liver function.)

Hemlock

SN: Conium maculatum

Toxin: pyridine alkaloid

Organ Affected: nicotininc cholinergic receptors

How it kills: respiratory failure.

Pituri
SN: Duboisia hopwoodii

Toxin: pyridine alkaloid

Organ Affected: nicotininc cholinergic receptors

How it kills: respiratory failure.

Tree Tobacco

SN: Nicotiana glauca

Toxin: pyridine alkaloid

Organ Affected: nicotininc cholinergic receptors

How it kills: respiratory failure.

Tobacco

SN: Nicotiana tabacum

Toxin: pyridine alkaloid

Organ Affected: nicotininc cholinergic receptors

How it kills: respiratory failure.

Deadly Nightshade

SN: Atropa belladonna

Toxin: Tropane Alkaloid

Organ Affected: muscarinic receptors

How it kills: respiratory failure.

Common Thornapple

SN: Datura Strammonium

Toxin: Tropane Alkaloid

Organ Affected: muscarinic receptors

How it kills: respiratory failure.

Angel's Trumpet
SN: Datura candida

Toxin: Tropane Alkaloid

Organ Affected: muscarinic receptors

How it kills: respiratory failure.

Corkwood

SN: Duboidia leichardtii

Toxin: Tropane Alkaloid

Organ Affected: muscarinic receptors

How it kills: respiratory failure.

Australian Phalaris

SN: Phalaris aquatica

Toxin: indole alkaloid

Organ Affected: CNS

How it kills: Sudden death syndrome in sheep (cardiac dysfunction or PEM), Phalaris staggers.

Heart-leaf Poison

SN: Gastrolobium bilobum

Toxin: flouroacetate

Organ Affected: inhibits ATP generation in the TCA cycle and citrate transport in the mitochondria.

How it kills: heart failure in sheep, cattle and horses. Nervous signs in dogs. Nervous signs and cardiac symptoms in cats, pigs and humans.

York Road Poison

SN: Gastrolobium calycinum

Toxin: flouroacetate

Organ Affected: inhibits ATP generation in the TCA cycle and citrate transport in the mitochondria.

How it kills: heart failure in sheep, cattle and horses. Nervous signs in dogs. Nervous signs and cardiac symptoms in cats, pigs and humans

Prickly Poison

SN: Gastrolobium spinosum

Toxin: flouroacetate

Organ Affected: inhibits ATP generation in the TCA cycle and citrate transport in the mitochondria.

How it kills: heart failure in sheep, cattle and horses. Nervous signs in dogs. Nervous signs and cardiac symptoms in cats, pigs and humans

Crinckle-leaf Poison

SN: Gastrolobium villosum

Toxin: flouroacetate

Organ Affected: inhibits ATP generation in the TCA cycle and citrate transport in the mitochondria.

How it kills: heart failure in sheep, cattle and horses. Nervous signs in dogs. Nervous signs and cardiac symptoms in cats, pigs and humans

Rock Poison

SN:Gastrolobium callistachys

Toxin: flouroacetate

Organ Affected: inhibits ATP generation in the TCA cycle and citrate transport in the mitochondria.

How it kills: heart failure in sheep, cattle and horses. Nervous signs in dogs. Nervous signs and cardiac symptoms in cats, pigs and humans

Granite Poison

SN: Oxylobium graniticum

Toxin: flouroacetate

Organ Affected: inhibits ATP generation in the TCA cycle and citrate transport in the mitochondria.

How it kills: heart failure in sheep, cattle and horses. Nervous signs in dogs. Nervous signs and cardiac symptoms in cats, pigs and humans

Box Poison

SN: Oxylobium parviflorum

Toxin: flouroacetate

Organ Affected: inhibits ATP generation in the TCA cycle and citrate transport in the mitochondria.

How it kills: heart failure in sheep, cattle and horses. Nervous signs in dogs. Nervous signs and cardiac symptoms in cats, pigs and humans

Zamia Palm

SN: Macrozamia reidlei

Toxin: Azoxyglycosides

Organ Affected: toxins are hepatotoxins and carcinogenic

How it kills: acute gastroenteritis and liver injury followed by jaundince and death.

Foxglove
SN: Digitalis purpurea

Toxin: cardiac glycoside

Organ Affected: GIT (intact), inhibits sodium pump in myocardium , decreasing conductivity.

How it kills: Arrythmias, premature systole, wekness, depression, coma, conduction block and eventual asystole leading to death.

One-Leaf Cape Tulip

SN: Homeria breyniana

Toxin: cardiac glycoside

Organ Affected: GIT (intact), inhibits sodium pump in myocardium , decreasing conductivity.

How it kills: Arrythmias, premature systole, wekness, depression, coma, conduction block and eventual asystole leading to death.

Common Oleander

SN: Nerium oleander

Toxin: cardiac glycoside

Organ Affected: GIT (intact), inhibits sodium pump in myocardium , decreasing conductivity.

How it kills: Arrythmias, premature systole, wekness, depression, coma, conduction block and eventual asystole leading to death.

Balloon Cotton (Milkweed)

SN: Gomphocarpus physocarpus

Toxin: cardiac glycoside

Organ Affected: GIT (intact), inhibits sodium pump in myocardium , decreasing conductivity.

How it kills: Arrythmias, premature systole, wekness, depression, coma, conduction block and eventual asystole leading to death.

Spotted Emu Bush

SN:Eremophila maculata

Toxin: cyanogenic glycoside

Organ Affected: inhibits the terminal cytochrome oxidase of oxidative phosphorylation. Also blocks oxygen uptake by haemoglobin.

How it kills: Generalised muscle, tremor, rapid breathing, gasping for breath, staggering gait, clonic convulsions, death.

Clover-Leaf Poison

SN: Goodia lotifolia

Toxin: cyanogenic glycoside

Organ Affected: inhibits the terminal cytochrome oxidase of oxidative phosphorylation. Also blocks oxygen uptake by haemoglobin.

How it kills: Generalised muscle, tremor, rapid breathing, gasping for breath, staggering gait, clonic convulsions, death.

Wild Sorghum

SN: Sorghum verticilliflorum

Toxin: cyanogenic glycoside

Organ Affected: inhibits the terminal cytochrome oxidase of oxidative phosphorylation. Also blocks oxygen uptake by haemoglobin.

How it kills: Generalised muscle, tremor, rapid breathing, gasping for breath, staggering gait, clonic convulsions, death.

Pigweed

SN: Portulacca oleracea

Toxin: Nitrates

Organ Affected: vasodilatory which results in pulmonary and central hypotension and decreased cardiac output. It also oxidises haemoglobin and converts it to methaemoglobin which decreases oxygen to the tissues.

How it Kills: dyspnoea, cyanosis, rapid weak pulse, trembling, collapse, coma and terminal convulsions.

Mintweed

SN: Salvia reflexa

Toxin: Nitrates

Organ Affected: vasodilatory which results in pulmonary and central hypotension and decreased cardiac output. It also oxidises haemoglobin and converts it to methaemoglobin which decreases oxygen to the tissues.

How it Kills: dyspnoea, cyanosis, rapid weak pulse, trembling, collapse, coma and terminal convulsions.

Variegated Thistle

SN: Silybum marianum

Toxin: Nitrates

Organ Affected: vasodilatory which results in pulmonary and central hypotension and decreased cardiac output. It also oxidises haemoglobin and converts it to methaemoglobin which decreases oxygen to the tissues.

How it Kills: dyspnoea, cyanosis, rapid weak pulse, trembling, collapse, coma and terminal convulsions.

Arum Lily

SN: Zantedeschia aethiopica

Toxin: calcium oxalate raphides

Organ affected: mucous membranes

How it kills: creates local iritation including copious salivation, burning of the mouth, lips and tongue and swelling causing difficulty in breathing and swallowing. May cause asphyxiation.

Soursob

SN: Oxalis pes-caprae

Toxin: soluble calcium oxalates

Organ affected: Acute: oxaltes can precipitate calcium in the gut leading to hypocalcaemia. Chronic: calcium oxalate crystals form in kidney tubules and in the blood vessels of the lungs and the rumen.

How it kills: severe calcium deficiency coupled with renal failure.

Slender Iceplant

SN: Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum

Toxin: soluble calcium oxalates

Organ affected: Acute: oxaltes can precipitate calcium in the gut leading to hypocalcaemia. Chronic: calcium oxalate crystals form in kidney tubules and in the blood vessels of the lungs and the rumen.

How it kills: severe calcium deficiency coupled with renal failure.

Ellangowan Poison Bush

SN: Myoporum deserti

Toxin: Sesquiterpenes

Organ affected: liver

How it kills: severe liver injury and jaundice

Boobialla

SN: Myoporum tetrandrum

Toxin: Sesquiterpenes

Organ affected: liver

How it kills: severe liver injury and jaundice

Flaxweed

SN: Pimelea simplex

Toxin: Diterpene

Organ affected: heart, GIT

How it kills: congestive heart filaure and anaemia with possible diarrhoea. Cattle lose condition.

Lantana

SN: Lantana camara

Toxin: triterpenes (lantadene A)

Organ affected: liver, kidney

How it kills: renal failure (causes renal tubular necrosis)

Jequirity Bean

SN: Abrus precatorius

Toxin:Toxalbumins (abrin)

Organ affected: GIT

How it kills: nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhoea, dehydration and death.

Castor oil Plant

SN: Ricinus communis

Toxin:Toxalbumins (ricin)

Organ affected: GIT

How it kills: nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhoea, dehydration and death.(blocks protein synth in cells)

Branched Onion Weed

SN: Trachyandra divaricata

Toxin: unknown

Organ affected: neurons

How it kills: paralysis and neuronal lipofuscinosis

Blind Grass

SN: Stypandra imbricata

Toxin: stypandrol

Organ Affected: CNS, particularly cerebellum and optic nerve

How it kills: Hindlimb locomotor disturbance and hyperaesthesia and casues blindness in sheep, goats, horses and poultry.

Poison Sedge

SN: Schoenus asperocarpus and Schoenus rigins

Toxin: galegine

Organ affected: increases pulmonary capillary permeability

How it kills: polypnea, dyspnoea, rapid death.