Term
|
Definition
| Catabolic process that oxidizes organic molecules and extract their energy. Energy extraction is accomplished by transfer of electrons. Can use proteins, carbohydrates and fats. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oxidation/reduction reaction. Electrons are transferred by Coenzymes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coenzyme that accepts an electron from an oxidation rxn. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coenzyme that donates a electron to a reduction reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glycolysis > Citric Acid Cycle > Electron Transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Begins oxidation and breakdown of glucose.
Anaerobic.
Consists of 10 reactions.
Generates ATP(2) and NADH(2).
Final product is pyruvate (2). |
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis - Energy Investment 1 |
|
Definition
| Hexokinase brings glucose into cell (glucokinase in liver cells). Glucose is phosphorolated and cannot leave cell. |
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis - Energy Investment 2 |
|
Definition
| Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is the main regulatory enzyme in glycolosis. Aldose cleaves the fructose biphosphate intp DHAP and G3P (the DHAP is converted into G3P). |
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis - End of Energy Investment |
|
Definition
| Glucose has been converted into two molecules of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and 2 ATP have been used. |
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis - Energy Payoff |
|
Definition
| Glucose is converted into two pyruvate. Incomplete oxidation (no carbons oxidized). Two molecules of ATP used, four generated. Two NAD+ reduced to NADH. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Happens if O2 isn't present. Present in yeast and bacteria. 2 pyruvate are converted into 2 ethanol and 2 CO2 while oxidizing 2 NADH into 2 NAD+. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anaerobic. Present in muscle cells. 2 pyruvate are converted into 2 lactate while oxidizing 2 NADH into 2 NAD+. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pyruvate is directed into the Krebs Cycle if O2 is present. Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and completes the oxidation of glucose (generates 6 CO2). Known as complete oxidation. For each 2 pyruvate that enter, 6 CO2, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2 and 2 ATP come out. |
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle Results |
|
Definition
| 6 CO2, 10 NADH, 2FADH2, 4ATP. |
|
|
Term
| Substrate Level Phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| ATP generation by an enzyme phosphorylating ADP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Series of proteins in cristae membrane. NADH and FADH2 donate e- at different levels (FADH starts later and donates less energy). Transfer of Electrons causes protons to be moved outside of the membrane creating a gradient. NADH moves 3 H+ and FADH2 moves 2H+. |
|
|
Term
| Terminal Electron Acceptor |
|
Definition
| Accepts electron at and of electron transport chain. O2 if aerobic, other if anaerobic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proton gradient force on matrix membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein complex in matrix membrane that consists of a channel and a generator. Passage of protons through ATP-Synthase creates ATP. Creates 1 ATP per proton. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use of Proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| ATP synthesis that is linked to transfer of electrons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 30 from NADH, 4 from FADH2, and 4 from Glycolysis and Kreb's. 38 ATP in total (36 is the max in animals and plants). Usually around 25-28 in reality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interfere with electron transport chain. Cyanide prevents transfer of e- to O2. Oligomycin prevents movement of H+ through ATPase. Dinitophenol (DNP) creates pores in mitochondrial membrane and allows H+ to bypass ATPase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can use O2 as a terminal e- acceptor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uses O2 or an Alternative. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uses O2 at below atmospheric concentrations. |
|
|
Term
| Toxic Byproducts of O2 usage |
|
Definition
Superoxide (O2-)
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Superoxide Dismutase gets rid of superoxide and creates H2O2. Peroxidase gets rid of H2O2. Catalase gets rid of H2O2. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Removing NH2 group from amino acids so that they can be used as Kreb's intermediates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Creates way more energy but is usually overkill for the cells energy needs. |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of Respiration |
|
Definition
| Occurs via the action of ATP (slowing), AMP/ADP (quickening), and citrate (slowing) on Phosphofructokinase. PFK is allosteric. AMP/ADP act as activators and ATP/citrate act as inhibitors. |
|
|
