Term
| 5.1.1 Why is digestion of large food molecules essential? (3) |
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Definition
*Foods need to be converted for suitablity of human tissues.
*Needs to be broken to smaller molecules for absorption into villi (small intestine)
*Needs to be digested before absorbed. |
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Term
| 5.1.2 Why are enzymes needed in digestion? |
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Definition
| *Increase digestion rate at body temperature |
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Term
5.1.3 State:
*source
*substrate
*product
*optimum pH conditions
for amylase, protease and lipase. |
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Definition
lipase-pancreas,triglyceride, fatty acids + glycerol, ph7
amylase- salivary gland, starch-->maltose, pH7
protease- stomach wall, protein, smaller polypeptides, pH 1.5 |
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Term
| 5.1.5 What is the function of the stomach, small intestine and large intestine? |
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Definition
Stomach- start of digestion. Polypeptides is broken down pepsin. It has an acidic pH to kill bacteria.
Small intestine: Smaller molecular substances are absorbed via the villi.
Large intestine: Indigested foods and water is passed here. water is absorbed. Solid faeces created. Sent to anus. |
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Term
| 5.1.6 What is the difference between absorption and assimilation? |
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Definition
Absorption: Passing of chemical substances through cell membranes.
Assimilation: Conversion of nutrients into protoplasm. |
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Term
| 5.1.7 How is the structure of the villus adapted to absorption of end products of digestion? |
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Definition
*Quantity - there are many of them S.A.
*Thin - One Cell Thick= quick absorption
*Microvilli - SA
*Protein Channels - Fast absorption via facilitated diffusion, (pumps) allow active transport
*Mitochondria - provides ATP (ActiveT)
*Proximity of blood capillaries
*Lacteal- carries away fat after absorption |
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Term
| 5.1.4 Draw the digestive system[image] |
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Definition
| Mouth, esophagus, liver,below=gall bladder, stomach,below=pancrease, small intestine, large intestine, (appendix), anus |
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Term
5.2.1 Draw a diagram of a heart. [image] |
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Definition
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Term
| 5.2.6 What is transported by the blood? |
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Definition
| Nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, antibodies & urea. (6) |
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Term
| 5.2.5 What is blood composed of? |
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Definition
| plasma, erythrocytes, leuoctyes (lymphocytes,phagocytes), platelets |
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Term
5.2.4 What is the relationship of structure and function of...
*arteries *veins *capillaries |
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Definition
Arteries- (outer layer) longitudal collagen/elastic fibres. (wall) pressure. Circular elastic/muscle fibres. Narrow lumen-blood pressure.
Veins: thin layer- few circular elastic/muscle fibres. wide lumen. thin wall- pressed flat for blood movement.
Capillaries: single layer. Pores. V. narrow lumen |
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Term
| 5.2.2 Describe the action of the heart. |
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Definition
Collecting blood->by atria
pumping blood->by ventricles to arteries
valves-> control direction of flow by atrio-ventricular & semilunar valves. |
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Term
| 5.2.3 Outline the control of the heartbeat |
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Definition
| pacemaker-->sends signal=contraction. (r. atrium) nerves:(+hormones) transmits messages to pacemaker.To quicken/slow down. adrenalin-->to pacemaker via bloodstream speeds up contractions. *heart= myogenic. Rate=involuntary |
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Term
5.3.1 Define Pathogen
5.3.3 List 6 methods pathogens are transmitted and gain entry into the body. |
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Definition
Pathogen- an organism or virus that causes a disease.
*cuts, intercourse, contact, droplets, food/water, insects |
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Term
| 5.3.2 State example of a disease caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, flatworms and roundworms. |
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Definition
Viruses- AIDs. Bacteria- TB
Fungi- Athlete's foot. Protozoa-malaria
Flatworms-schistosomiasis. Roundworms-hookworms |
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Term
| 5.3.4 Describe the cause, transmission and effects of one human bacterial disease. |
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Definition
•disease: tuberculosis
•cause: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
•transmission: inhaled air, cough, sneeze, talk, or spit
•effects: lungs infected=leading to coughing, chest pain, weakness and weight loss, fever |
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Term
| 5.3.5 Explain why antibiotics are effective against bacteria but not viruses. |
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Definition
•antibiotics block specific metabolic pathways found in bacteria, but not in eukaryotic cells.
•viruses reproduce using the host cell, not affected by antibiotics.harms human cells |
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Term
| 5.3.6 Explain the cause, transmission and social implications of AIDS. |
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Definition
cause: exchange of bodily fluids. HIV- human immunodeficiency virus
transmission:sexual intercourse, promiscuity, mother-child.
social implications: unease blood transfusions. life insurance refusal. stigmatization. Poverty. |
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Term
| 5.4.1 Explain how skin and mucous membranes act as barriers against pathogens. |
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Definition
Skin: tough physical barrier. lactic/fatty acids= acidic, prevents pathogenic bac.
Mucous: lysozyme kills bacteria. |
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Term
| 5.4.2 Outline how phagocytic leucocytes ingest pathogens in the blood and in body tissues. |
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Definition
| Identification, ingestion via endocytosis in blood- capillaries. Ingestion= infection= pus. digested by lysosomes. |
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Term
| 5.4.3 State the difference between antigens and antibodies. |
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Definition
Antibodies; proteins that recognize + bind to specific antigens.
Antigens; foreign substances that stimulation antibody production. |
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Term
| 5.4.4 Explain antibody production. |
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Definition
| Many different types of lymphocyte exist. Each type recognizes one specific antigen and responds via mitosis to form a clone. This clone then secretes a specific antibody against the antigen. |
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Term
| 5.4.5 Outline the effects of HIV on the immune system. |
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Definition
| HIV infects lymphocyte vital for antibody production= destroyed. Breakdown of immune system, increases vulnerability to pathogens. |
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Term
5.2.3 Outline the control of the heartbeat in terms of the pacemaker, nerves and 2
adrenalin. |
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Definition
| pacemaker-->sends signal=contraction. (r. atrium) nerves:(+hormones) transmits messages to pacemaker.To quicken/slow down. adrenalin-->to pacemaker via bloodstream speeds up contractions. *heart= myogenic. Rate=involuntary |
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