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Topic 20
Translation
11
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/16/2012

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Term
tRNA
Definition
RNA that has a cloverleaf shape. On one end there is an anticodon and on the other end there is an amino acid attachment site.
Term
Amino Acid Attachment Site
Definition
On tRNA, the 3' end extends beyond the 5' end and terminates in the sequence ACC, this is the amino acid attachment site.
Term
Anti Codon
Definition
There are 45 tRNA's and 61 amino acid codons. Thus, some anti codons 5' base can attach to a number of mRNA bases, this is called a "wobble". Inosine is a tRNA base that, in the wobble position, can bind to U, C, or A.
Term
tRNA Charging
Definition
Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase enzyme can "charge" tRNA by joining it to an amino acid.
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Consist of small and large subunits. Contain A, P, and E (exit) binding sites. Eucaryotic ribosomes are heavier than prokaryotic ribosomes (measured in svedburg units).
Term
Initiation of Translation
Definition
-Small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA and locates the start codon.
-Initiator tRNA (Met) binds to start codon.
-Large ribosomal subunit binds to initiator tRNA, initiator tRNA is now in the P site.
Term
Elongation of Translation
Definition
- Second tRNA moves into the A site.
- Amino acid from P site tRNA joines with A site tRNA's amino acid.
Ribosome moves forward one codon, P site tRNA enters E site and is ejected, and a new tRNA enters the A site.
Term
Termination of Translation
Definition
- tRNA carrying a stop codon enters A site.
- Ribosome moves forward one, stop codon becomes located at P site, release factor binds to A site.
- Polypeptide is released, tRNA in P site leaves, complex disassembles.
Term
Polyribosome
Definition
Multiple ribosomes on the same mRNA all producing the same polypeptide.
Term
Differences Between Eucaryotic and Prokaryotic Translation
Definition
Eucaryotes:
mRNA is modified after transcription, so translation cannot immediately occur.
Prokaryotes:
mRNA is produced in a functional state. Translation can occur during transcription.

These differences can be used as targets for antibiotics and chemotherapeutics.
Term
Protein Trafficking
Definition
Specific amino acid sequences within the protein provide information about its final location. N-terminal region of polypeptide directs the translation complex to the Rough E.R.
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