Metformin

Fortamet®, Glucophage®, Glumetza™, Riomet®

MOA: Decreases hepatic glucose production, decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity (increases peripheral glucose uptake and utilization)

Pregnancy: B

Side Effects of Metformin

Common SE: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, flatulence, asthenia, indisgestion, abdominal discomfort, anorexia, headache, metallic taste, rash

Serious SE: lactic acidosis, megaloblastic anemia

Furosemide

Lasix®

MOA: Inhibits reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the ascending loop of Henle and distal renal tubule , interfering with the chloride-binding cotransport system, thus causing increased excretion of water, sodium, chloride, magnesium, and calcium

Pregnancy: C

Side Effects of Furosemide

Common SE: urinary frequency, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, weakness, muscle cramps, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, orthostatic hypotension, elevated liver transaminases, blurred vision, anorexia, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, pruritis, rash, hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia, tinnitus, paresthesias, photosensitivity, cholesterol increase, triglycerides increase

Serious SE: electrolyte imbalance, metabolic alkalosis, hypovolemia, dehydration, ototoxicity, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, agranulocytosis, anaphylaxis, vasculitis, interstitial nephritis, necrotizing angitis, erythema multiforme, exfolative dermatitis, SJS, TEN, pancreatitis, cholestatic jaundice, SLE exacerbation, thrombosis, eosinophilia

Metoprolol tartrate

Lopressor®

MOA: Selective inhibitor of beta1-adrenergic receptors; competitively blocks beta1-receptors with little or no effect on beta2-receptors at doses <100 mg; does not exhibit any membrane stabilizing or intrinsic sympathomimetic activity

Pregnancy: C

Side Effects of Metoprolol tartrate

Common SE: fatigue, dizziness, diarrhea, pruritis, rash, depression, dyspnea, bradycardia

Serious SE: CHF, heart block, cardiogenic shock, Raynaud phenomenon, gangrene, branchospasm, hepatitis, hypersensitivity rxn, photosensitivity, lupus erythematosus, agranulocytosis

Atenolol

Tenormin®

MOA: Competatively blocks response to beta adrenergic stimulation, selectively blocks beta1-receptors with little or no effect on beta2-receptors except at high doses

Pregnancy: D

Side Effects of Atenolol

Common SE: bradycardia, hypotension, fatigue, dizziness, cold extremities, depression, dyspnea, orthostatic hypotension, leg pain, bronchospasm, lightheadedness, lethargy, diarrhea, nausea, vertigo, drowsiness

Serious SE: CHF, heart block, arrhythmias, Raynaud phenomenon, hypersensitivity rxn, lupus erythematosus

Sertraline

Zoloft®

MOA: Antidepressant with selective inhibitory effects on presynaptic  serotonin (5-HT) reuptake and only very weak effects on norepinephrine and dopamine neuronal uptake

Pregnancy: C

Side Effects of Sertraline

Common SE: nausea, headache, insomnia, diarrhea, dry mouth, ejaculatory dysfunction, somnolence, asthenia, tremor, dyspepsia, anorexia, constipation, libido decrease, nervousness, anxiety, rash, abnormal vision

Serious SE: suicidality, worsening depression, serotonin syndrome, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, withdrawal syndrome, mania, seizures, hyponatremia, SIADH, abnormal bleeding, altered platelet function, acute closed angle glaucoma, priapism, anaphylactoid rxn, hypoglycemia, neonatal serotonin syndrome, neonatal withdrawal

Metoprolol succinate

Toprol® XL

MOA: Selective inhibitor of beta1-adrenergic receptors; competitively blocks beta1-receptors, with little or no effect on beta2-receptors at doses < 100 mg; does not exhibit any membrane stabilizing or intrinsic sympathomimetic activity

Pregnancy: C

Side Effects of Metoprolol succinate

Common SE: fatigue, dizziness, diarrhea, pruritis, rash, depression, dyspnea, bradycardia

Serious SE: CHF, heart block, cardiogenic shock, Raynaud phenomenon, gangrene, bronchospasm, hepatitis, hypersensitivity rxn, photosensitivity, lupus erythematosus, agranulocytosis

Zolpidem tartrate

Ambien®, Ambien® CR, Zolpimist®

MOA: Enhances the activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA via select agonism at the benzodiazepine-1 (BZ-1) receptor; the result is increased chloride conductance, neuronal hyperpolarization, inhibition of the action potential, and a decrease in neuronal excitability leading to sedative and hypnotic effects.

Schedule: C-IV

Pregnancy: C

Side Effects of Zolpidem tartrate

Common SE: headache, drowsiness, dizziness, lethargy, drugged feeling, back pain, allergic rxn, diarrhea, sinusitis, pharyngitis, dry mouth, lightheadedness, influenza-like sx, palpitations, depression, constipation, rash

Serious SE: worsening depression, suicidal ideation, aggessive behavior, complex sleep-related behavior, hallucinations, amnesia, anaphylactic rxn, withdrawal if abrupt DC

Oxycodone/APAP

Endocet®, Percocet®, Roxicet™, Tylox®, Magnacet™, Primalev™

MOA: Oxycodone: binds to opiate receptors in the CNS, causing inhibiton of acending pain pathways, altering the perception of and response to pain; produces generalized CNS depression; APAP: exact mechanism unknown, inhibits prostaglandins to exert its analgesic effects

Schedule: C-II

Pregnancy: C

Side Effects of Oxycodone/APAP

Common SE: lightheadedness, dizziness, sedation, nausea, vomiting, euphoria, dysphoria, constipation, rash, pruritis

Serious SE: abuse, withdrawal if abrupt DC, severe hypotension, apnea, respiratory depression, respiratory arrest, circulatory depression, shock, seizures, biliary spasm, paralytic ileus, hypersensitivity rxn, anaphylaxis, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, agranulocytosis, hepatotoxicity, renal papillary necrosis, renal failure

Citalopram HBR

Celexa®

MOA: Selectively inhibits serotonin reuptake in the presynaptic neurons and has minimal effects on norepinephrine or dopamine.

Pregnancy: C

Side Effects of Citalopram HBR

Common SE: nausea, dry mouth, somnolence, insomnia, sweating, tremor, diarrhea, ejaculatory dysfunction, dyspepsia, asthenia, flu syndrome, anxiety, anorexia, nervousness, libido decrease

Serious SE: suicidality, worsening depression, serotonin syndrome, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, mania, seizures, hyponatremia, SIADH, QT prolongation, torsades de pointes, abnormal bleeding, altered platelet fxn, priapism, anaphylactoid rxn, hypoglycemia, neonatal persistent pulmonary HTN, neonatal withdrawal, neonatal serotonin syndrome

Gabapentin

Neurontin®

MOA: High affinity gabapentin binding sites have been located throughout the brain; these sites correspond to the presence of voltage-gated calcium channels specifically possessing the alpha-2-delta-1 subunit. This channel appears to be located presynaptically, and may modulate the release of excitatory neurotransmitters which participate in epileptogenesis and nociception

Pregnancy: C

Side Effects of Gabapentin

Common SE: dizziness, somnolence, ataxia, fatigue, peripheral edema, nystagmus, nausea, vomiting, viral infection, fever, hostility, tremor, emotional lability, blurred vision, asthenia, diarrhea, infection, dry mouth, hyperkinesia, headache, constipation, rhinitis, accidental injury, abnormal thinking, dysarthria, dyspepsia, weight gain

Serious SE: leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, status epilepticus, withdrawal if abrupt DC, dyskinesia, depression, suicidality, fractures, erythema multiforme, SJS, acute renal failure