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Toledo PT Pharmacology Exam 3
Toledo PT Pharmacology Exam 3
27
Pharmacology
Graduate
07/02/2010

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Term
What are the 4 manners in which an anitmicrobial may inhibit growth of or destroy microorganisms?
Definition
1. inhibiting cell wall synthesis. 2. Altering Cell Wall Permeability. 3. Inhibiting protein and/or DNA/RNA synthesis. 4. Inhibiting Cellular Metabolism.
Term
Nosocomial Infections
Definition
Infections that are received from the hospital environment or personnel.
Term
What is the first line of defense againts infections?
Definition
Sneezing, skin, mucous.
Term
What is the second line of defense against infections?
Definition
Inflammatory response.
Term
What is the third line of defense against infections?
Definition
Immunization.
Term
What are the two methods of pharamcological management of infections?
Definition
1. Immunizations 2. Antimicrobial therapy.
Term
What are the basic principles of Antimicrobial Therapy?
Definition
Need to culture the organism. Use most effective drug(narrow spectrum). Use the least expensive drug. Use the drug that is least harmful to the patient. Use for an appropriate amount of time.
Term
What are the most common ADRs of Antimicrobials?
Definition
GI upset (5-10%), Hypersensitivity, Photosensitivity, Super Infections
Term
What are some of the contributing factors to super infections?
Definition
Inappropriate use for viral infections. Unnecessary use of broad-spectrum agents. Pressure from patients. Incrase use of invasive devices and procedures. Increase use of antibiotics in animals. Decrease research by drug companies. Not taking all of the treatment.
Term
Methicillin-Resistant Staphyllococcus Aureus
Definition
15% small hospitals, 38% large hospitals. Transmitted by contact, hospital personnel are primary carriers.
Term
Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) infection
Definition
contact transmission, normail in the GI-tract becomes opportunistic in immunosuppressed patients and in patients with intra-abdominal or cardiothoracic surgeries.
Term
Clostridium Difficile
Definition
bacteria that is normally found in the gut. Kills healthy flora, when proliferates can cause horrible diarhhea in it's mild form. In it's worst form it becomes life threatening. It is passed through contact, and found in the feces. most common in hospital or long term care.
Term
Probiotics
Definition
normal bacteria, or yeast that helps maintain normal flora in the gut.
Term
Antifungals
Definition
for systemic infections, amny are opportunisitc due to: HIV, Chemotherapy. For superficial infections: skin, vagina, oral (thrush)
Term
Antivirals
Definition
limited number, because each antiviral is only effective against one virus(NOT broad spectrum).
Term
Acyclovir
Definition
genital herpes, chicken pox, shingles,
Term
DPP-1
Definition
This enzyme degrades GLP-1. By inhibiting DPP-1, this will allow GLP-1 to hang around longer.
Term
GLP-1
Definition
This is a peptiede made by the GI system and an increase in blood glucose stimulates the release of this. It stimulates the release of insulin from the pancrease. And inhibits the release of glucagon.
Term
What are three contributing physiological factors that contribute to type II diabetes?
Definition
Not enough cellular receptors, Low cell senstivity, decreased circulating insulin levels.
Term
What are some of the symptoms of Hyperglycemia?
Definition
Slow onset, polyuria, thrist; dry, red, flushed face.
Term
What are some of the characteristics of Hypoglycemia?
Definition
sudden onset; clammy, moist, cold skin. mental confusion, behavioral change, coma. Thready, pale, respirations.
Term
What are some of the damaging effects of hyperglycemia?
Definition
poor peripheral circulation, damage to capillaries, possibly resulting in amputations, kidney failure/damage, brain, lungs, retinopathy, neuropathy
Term
What are 4 important elements of the management of Hyperglycemia?
Definition
1. Early Dx. 2. tight glucose conrol/monitoring 3. Aggresive Multi-modal approach 4. Drugs
Term
What are the three components of the aggressive multi-modal approach to treating hyperglycemia?
Definition
Medication, Diet, Exercise.
Term
What are the pharmacokinetics of Insulin?
Definition
Needs to be injected to move through the body and cannnot be taken orally.
Term
What is the most commona ADR of insulin?
Definition
Hypoglycemia
Term
what are the most common ADRs of oral hyperglycemic drugs?
Definition
GI, hypoglycemia
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