Term
| what engulfs bacteria or large particles in phagocytosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| regulating the passage of substances into and out of the cell. detecting chemical messengers arriving at the cell surface. linking adjacent cells together by membrane junctions. anchoring cells to extracellular matrix. |
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Term
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Definition
| desmosome, tight junction, gap junction. |
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Term
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Definition
| dense plaques on cytoplasmic surface of membrane. anchoring points for cadherins. |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that extend to extracellular space. bind with other cadherins from adjacent cells, attaching two cells together. |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins anchor the cytoplasmic surface of desmosomes to the interior structure of the cell. |
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Term
| Typical gap between desmosome |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| extracellular surfaces of cells join together leaving now space. most epithelial cells are joinged by tight junctions. |
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Term
| What cells typically have tight junction? |
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Definition
| Epithelial cells in the lumen of digestive tracts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adjacent cells linked together through protein channels. Small diameter allows passage of small molecules Na+, K+, not large proteins. Heart muscles linked via gap junctions. |
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Term
| What cells in the body are linked via gap junctions? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| small vesicle in the cytosol, routing nutrients. originated from endocytotic vesicles. Between GA and plasma membrane. Sorting modifying and directing vesicular traffic in cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| barrel-shaped organelles. associated with nuclear pores. may be involved in transporting molecules between the cytosol and the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| organelle that is responsible for synthesizing protein. Two subunits. Will bind to Rough ER during protein synthesis. |
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Term
| After a protein is synthesized by a ribosome, where does it go? |
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Definition
| It passes into the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and are transferred to the golgi apparatus. |
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Term
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
| has no ribosomal particles on cytosolic surface. Lipis synthesis. Role in detoxification of cetain hydrophobic molecules. Stores and releases Ca2+ |
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Term
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Definition
| closely apposed membranous sacs in cup shapes. proteins undergo a series of modifications.Sorts modified proteins into discrete classes of transport vesicles, which travel to different organelelles and secrete them. |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounded by single membrane. Acidic fluid and various digestive enzymes. Destroy bacteria and debris from dead cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oval shaped organelles enclosed by a single membrane. Help breakdown faty acid into 2 carbon molecules through B-oxidation. Produce H2O2 though oxidative reaction removing hydrogen atoms from organic molecules. Destroy H2O2 to prevent its toxic effects on the cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| elaborate arrays of protien fibers are present in cells. Maintain cells shape. Provide mechanical strength. Locomotion of cells. Intracellular transport of organelles. |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of long chain fatty acid 2o to perosixome disorders. |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of proteins in the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
| Microfilaments, Intermdediate filaments, Microtubules. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the factors that influence diffusion? |
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Definition
| Temperature, Mass of molecule, Surface Area, MEdium through which the molecules are moving. |
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Term
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Definition
| amt of material crossing a surface in a unit of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Difference b/n the two opposite fluxes. Always from high to low concentration |
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Term
| Equation for factors that influence diffusion through plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| J = P (Ci-Co). J= magnitude of net flux. P = permeability of coefficient. |
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Term
| Do polar or non-polar molecules diffuse mor rapidly through membrane? |
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Definition
| Non-polar. O2, CO2 and fatty acids. easy to be dissolved in non-polar region of the membrane. *Intermediate metabolic molecules are polar*. |
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Term
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Definition
| Negatively charged particles attracted to outside. Positively charged particles attracted to inside. |
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Term
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Definition
| Voltage-gated channels for Na+, K+, and Ca2+. Ligand-gated channels protein serves as a channel. Acetylcholine receptors, which allow Na+ to move into the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| transporters have binding sites for solutes. undergoes conformation change with binding of solutes. Exposes binding sites to opposite side of the membrane and then dissociate. |
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Term
| What are the 3 important factors in mediated transport? |
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Definition
| Number of transporters, Saturation level of binding sites, Rate of conformational change. |
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Term
| Does transportation of glucose into muscle or fat cells require ATP? |
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Definition
| NO. it is faciliated diffusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP is directly burned up by Na+/K+-ATPase pump to move the solute. |
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Term
| Secondary Active Transport |
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Definition
| Indirectly; electrochemical gradient across membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary Active Transport |
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Definition
| One ion moves down a gradient to provide the energy to move a concentration to move against a gradient. |
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Term
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Definition
| particles move in the same direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| particles move in opposite directions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell drinking. Endocytotic vesicles enclose a small volume of extracellular fluid & solutes present in the fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell eating. Pseudopodia engulf bacteria or large particles. Large vesicles. Migrate to and fuse with lysosomes. Contents destroyed by lysosomal enzymes. |
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Term
| Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis |
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Definition
| receptor on cell membrane recognizes ligand. receptor undergoes conformational change as it binds ligand. Clathrins help ligand-bound receptors. Clathrin-coated pit pinches off and internalized. clathrin proteins released from vesicle. Vesicle fuses with other vesicels or membranes of other organelles. |
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Term
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Definition
| To replace a portion of the membrane removed during the endocytosis and add enw membrane component. Provide a route by which molecules impermeable to the membrane can be secreted. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein synthesis -> Packaged into vesicles at Golgi apparatus -> Traveling to the membrane -> Fusion with the membrane -> Release |
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Term
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Definition
| H2O diffuses low to high solute concdntration. |
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Term
| What is the normal Osmol of cells in the body |
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Definition
| ~300 mOsmol in both inside and outside of the cells. |
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Term
| Hypertonic Solution (In the body) |
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Definition
| > 300 mOsmol of non-penetrating solutes across the membrane. causes cell to shrink. |
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Term
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Definition
| A solution that contains less than 300 mOsmol of non-penetrating solutes across the membrane. causes cell to swell. |
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Term
| Intercellular Communication |
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Definition
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Term
| Intracellular Communication |
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Definition
| within cells, second messengers, signaling between proteins within a cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| usually receptors are located in the cytosol or the nucleus. Binds with lipd-soluble messengers. |
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Term
| What are some lipid soluble messengers and what do they affect? |
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Definition
| Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D. Affect rates of gene transcription. |
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Term
| Plasma Membrane Receptors bind with what kind of messenger? |
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Definition
| Bind with water-soluble messengers. |
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Term
| What are some examples of water soluble messengers? |
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Definition
| Most hormones, neurotransmitters. |
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Term
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Definition
| Undergo autophosphorylation and serves as a docking protein for other cytoplasmic proteins. |
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Term
| What happens when the G-coupled receptor bind with messenger? |
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Definition
| a subunit increases affinity for GTP, dissociates from B & gamma subunits. |
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Term
| a-subunit in G-coupled protein |
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Definition
| after binding to GTP will bind to effector proteins which mediate the next steps in sequence of events. GTP-ase activity breaks down GTP -> GDP + Pi. a subunit becomes inactive and recombines with B & gamma subunits. |
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Term
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Definition
| will cause phosphate to to bind another protein at the cost of an ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| cAMP can be amplified by affecting many proteins which can then go affect many other proteins and the signal will amplify at each step. |
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Term
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Definition
| circular Adenosine Monophosphate. Several different proteins are phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. |
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Term
| How does Ca2+ work as a 2nd messenger? |
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Definition
| Binds with and activates calmodulin. Activates or inhibits variosu protein kinases, which then activate or inhibit other enzymes. Ca2+ also triggers stored release into cytosol. Essential for muscle contraction. |
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Term
| What are the 4 ways that Ca2+ can increase in the cell? |
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Definition
| Ligand-gated channel. Voltage-gated channel. Endoplasmic Reticulum by IP3. Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release. |
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Term
| Arachidonic Acid (AA) & Eicosanoids |
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Definition
| AA: polyunsaturated fatty acids; present in plasma membrane phospholipids. |
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Term
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Definition
| cyclic endoperoxides, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes. |
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Term
| What is a way that Ca2+ can be removed from a cell? |
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Definition
| Inhibition of Ca2+ pump, which removes cytosolic Ca2+ into extracellular space |
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