Term
| What is "contracted tendons"? |
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Definition
| -occurs when soft tissue structures are functionally or mechanically hsorter than the osseous structures |
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Term
| What are the causes og acquired flexural deformities? |
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Definition
| -rapid growth, dietary imbalance, other musculoskeletal injury |
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Term
| Which joints are most often affected with flexural deformities? |
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Definition
-carpus
-metacarpophalangeal joint: fetlock jt
-distal nterphalangeal joint: coffin joint
-rarely involved rear limbs |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of flexural deformitis of th fetlock and carpus? |
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Definition
-Fetlock: SDF = upright fetlocks & DDF = heels elevated off ground
-Carpus: bucked knees to very severe flexion |
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Term
| How do we treat flexural deformities? |
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Definition
-mild cases: exercise
-splinting (works well): heavy padding, palmar/plantar aspect of limb
-toe extensions: can only owrk in calves that can place the limb
-surgery: superficial/deep flexor tenotomy |
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Term
| What is the prognosis of flexural deformities? |
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Definition
-good if limb can be manually straightened
-generally better for coffin ljoint or fetlock than carpus
-poor for severe cases |
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Term
| How does location of flexural deformity affect the prognosis? |
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Definition
| -the more proximal it is the worse the prognosis |
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Term
| What are the etiologies behind gastrocnemius rupture? |
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Definition
| -Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamin D defciency, prolonged recumbency |
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Term
| What does a gastroc rupture look like? Is it usually bilateral or unilateral? Good or poor prognosis? |
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Definition
-bear weight on entire plantar surface
-may be bilateral
-poor prognosis |
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Term
| Is gastroc rupture more common cattle or horses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens with peroneaus tertius rupture? |
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Definition
-disrupts reciprocal apparatus: allows extension of hock while stifle remains flexed
-can be induced by improper restraint of hind limb with ropes |
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Term
| How do we treat peroneus tertius rupture? |
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Definition
| -stall confinement in calves |
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Term
| What is the etiology behind flexor tendon rupture? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of flexor tendon rupture? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the treatment options for flexor tendon rupture? |
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Definition
-correct underlying problem
-surgical repair
-immobilization in slight flexion |
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Term
| What is the etiology behind extensor tendon rupture? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of extensor tendon rupture? |
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Definition
-overflexion (usually mild)
-/+ knuckling |
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Term
| What are the treatment options for extensor tendon rupture? |
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Definition
-not necessary for some
-immobilization |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of stifle lameness in adult cattle? |
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Definition
| -cruciate ligament rupture |
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Term
| In which cattle are cruciate ligament ruptures most common? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the characteristic gait resulting from cruciate ligament rupture? |
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Definition
-avoid flexing stifle, keeping the stifle and hock "fixed"
-bear weight on toe, heel remains elevated
-limb may be abducted during stride |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of a cruciate ligament rupture? |
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Definition
-moderate to severe lameness
-significant swelling acute stages
-significant fibrosis in chronic cases
-characteristic gait
-msucle atrophy |
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Term
| How do we diagnose cruciate ligament ruptures? |
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Definition
-clinical signs
-palpation of stifle while walking
-clicking or knocking sounds
-drawer sign
-radiography |
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Term
| What is it called when you see cruciate ligament rupture on rads? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we treat cruciate ligament rupture? |
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Definition
-stall rest for mild cases (partial tears)
-degenerative joint disease will develop
-surgical therapy: joint capsule imbrication, fascia lata graft, Wildcat Power Cord
-salvage |
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Term
| What is the prognosis of cruciate ligament rupture? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during upward fixation of patella? |
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Definition
| -patella dorsal to medial trochlea |
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Term
| Is upward fixation of patella more common in beef or dairy cattle? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the etiology behind upward fixation of the patella? |
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Definition
| -desmitis: medial patellar ligament |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of upward fixaiton of patella? |
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Definition
-intermittent, painless
-limb lock in extension: limb dragged to move forward
-patella returns to normal location: limb jerk forward |
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Term
| How do we treat upward fixation of patella? |
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Definition
| -medial distal patellar desmotomy |
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Term
| What is lateral luxation of patella? |
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Definition
-defect in calves following dystocia
-femoral nerve injury results in quadriceps atrophy
=recumbency or crouched position if bilateral
-does not rspond to surgery |
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Term
|
Definition
-defect in endochondral ossification similar to other species
-may result in subchondral bone cysts or dissecting cartilage flaps |
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Term
| In which animals do you see osteochondrosis most commonly? |
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Definition
| -young rapidly growing animals |
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Term
| What is the most common site of osteochondrosis?- |
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Definition
| -lateral trochlear ridge of the femur |
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Term
| How do we diagnose osteochondrosis? |
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Definition
-intra-articular anesthesia
-radiography |
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Term
| HOw do we treat osteochondrosis? |
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Definition
-conservative: est ad dietary management
-surgical: arthroscopy |
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Term
| What normally causes coxofemoral luxation in calves? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes coxofemoral luxation in adults? |
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Definition
-usually result form falling: Splay Legged
-secondary to: hypocalcemia, calving paralysis, ketosis |
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Term
| Which percentage of coxofemoral luxations are craiodorsal? Caudoventral? |
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Definition
-craniodorsal approx 75%
-caudoventralappprox 25% |
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Term
| Describe the clinical picture of craniodorsal coxofemoral luxation. |
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Definition
-generally ambulatory: moderate lameness
-shorter limb: adduction, stifle externally roteded |
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Term
| Describe the clinical pcture of caudoventral coxofemoral luxation. |
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Definition
-generally recumbent
-longer limb: abduction |
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Term
| What are the clincial signs of coxofemoral luxation? |
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Definition
-Recumbency: +/- crepitance, limb longer than normal
-If ambulatory: limb externally rotated, toe touching, asymmetry of pelvis |
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Term
| How do we diagnose coxofemoral luxation? |
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Definition
-history and clinical signs
-evaluate in lateral recumbency with affected limb up
-position on greater trochanter
-crepitance may or may not be rpesent |
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Term
| What do we loop for when assessing the hip jooint for potential coxofemoral luxation? |
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Definition
-firm pressure over greater trocahnter with palp
-assistant manipulates the limb
-feel abnormal position and motion of greater trochanter |
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Term
| What do we look for on rectal/vaginal palpation for coxofemoral luxation? |
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Definition
-femoral head cranial to ilium or pubis: cravioventral
-femoral head in obturator foramen: caudoventral |
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Term
| Can we use rads to diagnose coxofemoral luxation? |
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Definition
| -only in SA, small rums, and calves |
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Term
| HOw do we treat LA coxofemoral luxation? |
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Definition
-femoral head and neck excision: poor choice for most cattle
-closed reduction within 12-24 hours
-open surgical reduction if greater than 24 hours |
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Term
| Describe a closed reduction of a coxofemoral luxaiton. |
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Definition
-heavy sedation or anesthesia
-lateral ecumbency with affected limb up
-rope around flank tied to solid object
-distract limb using block and tackle or calf jack
-rotate limb to reduce luxation |
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Term
| Describe an open surgical reduction of a LA coxofemoral luxation |
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Definition
-allows removal of hematoma and torn joint capsule
-can be certain of reduction |
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Term
| What is the prognosis for LA coxofemoral luxation? |
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Definition
-recumbent animals are poo choice for reduction
-calves better than adults
-many will displace again
-poor chronic cases
-guarded at best |
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Term
| How do you prevent coxofemoral luxaiton? |
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Definition
-optimal footing
-hobbles: prevents them from doing the splits |
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Term
| When do femoral fractures happen most often in LA? How do we fix them? |
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Definition
-calves following dytocia or trauma
-surgical repair in calves and euthanasia in adults |
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Term
| Are LA with radial/tibial fractures usually ambulatory? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How do we treat radial/tibial fractures in LA? |
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Definition
-surgical repair in calves
-pin casts or Thomas-Schroeder splin in adults |
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Term
| What usually causes cannon bone fractures in LA? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the prognosis of cannon bone fractures in LA? |
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Definition
-better prognosis with younger animals, less complexity, and depends on location
-poor prognosis if open |
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Term
| How do we treat cannon bone fractures in LA? |
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Definition
| -most commonly use a cast |
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Term
| What kind of virus is Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What are the causes of CAE? |
|
Definition
-arthritis
-pneumonia
-mastitis
-chronic wasting
-encephalitis |
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