What are the FOUR Tissue Types?

Epitheleal

Connective

Muscular

Nervous 

Covering and lining

or secretory

What is Connective Tissue?

(Most Abundant)

support and protection,

binding organs together

(Movement of body, or movement

of things through the body)

Communication and

Coordination of body cavities 

A special type of Simple Squamous Epithelium

is called?

And where is it found? 

Endothelium

it lines blood vessels, heart, and lymph vessels 

Main type that is most abundant

They form Fibers 

What is Glandular Epithelium?

What are the three types? 

Holocrine

Merocrine

Apocrine 

Holocrine:

secretory product accumulates in cytoplasm, cell diesand breaks down, releasingsecretion

(cell is part of secretion)

like oil glands in skin 

What is Merocrine?

(eccrine)-secretory product  is secreted

out of the cell

most glands are this type 

Product accumulates in the apex (tip) of the cell, which pinches offand is secreted.

mammary glands 

it is a cell

:Chondro = cartilage

Chondrocytes are in spaces called lacunae 

Chapter 5

What are the basics of Skin Structure? 

epidermis

dermis

subcutaneous layer 

What is the function of Keratin?

waterproof protein

it controls the color of your skin. 

Skin color=depends on THREE FACTORS

Melanin in Melanocytes(brown pigment)

Carotene

 Blood vessels in dermis

 What is

Melanin ?

Brown Pigment

vitilivo+patches on skin that are unigmented 

A pigment in the stratum corneumand dermis

Carotene + melanin ->yellow coloring 

red blood vessels contain

hemoglobin

Produces pinkish coloring in skin with less melanin 

Oil Sebaceous Glands

Sweat Glands

Ceruminous Glands 

Most are connected to hair follicles

Their secretion is called SEBUM (fats, cholesterol, protein, salt)

+Keeps hair form getting dry and brittle

+Inhibits bacterial growth

+ Decreases water evaporation 

(Sudoriferous) glands

Merocrine sweat glands(most)

-sweat secreted throughcell membrane

-watery secretion

Apocrine Glands

-tip of cell pinches off and is included in secretion

- In axillary and pubic regionand pigmented part of breast

- not active till puberty 

only in ear canal

they produce cerumen(ear wax) 

acne

Increased androgensat puberty

(male and female)

stimluated sebaceous glands

The more active glands are more susceptible to bacterial infection and inflammation 

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

(SLE)

An autoimmune disease, mostly in young women

Not contagious, maybe hereditary

Inflammatory reaction in connective tissue (incuding dermis)

Blistering and ulcers on skin 

-Raised, reddish plaques in skin (itchy)

-the plaques heal, but keep returning

Chapter 6

General Structure of  A Long Bone 

Periosteum

 Endosteum 

- dense fibrous connevtive tissue around bone

2 layers

 +Outer fubrous layer  (has blood vessels and nerves)

-Inner osteogenic layer (elastic fibers, blood vessels, Osterogenic cells)

Osteogenic cells

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

Osteoclasts 

can divide (mitosis) to regenerate other bone cells

Found in periosteum, endosteum, and in canals within bone 

derived from osteogenic cells

Osteoblasts form bone

-produce collagen ("organic matrix")

-deposit mineral salts (calcium phosphate) on organic matrix

Found on bone surfaces

-When an osteblast has completely surround itself with bond, it becomes and osteocyte

Mature bones, most numerous

-help maintain bone (exchange nutrients, wastes, etc.) 

-"clast"= "to break"

-Osteoclasts resorb bone (break it down)

Derived from monocytes (white blood cells)

Found along bone surfaces 

67% of bone weight= mineral salts

-mailny calcium phosphate, some calcium carbonate, some magnesium salts

--> Harndess of bone

33% of bone weight= collagen

--> flexiblity of bone 

Osteoperosis

Osteomalacia

Paget's Disease

Osteomyelitis

Partial (incomplete)

Complete

Closed(Simple)

Open(Compound) 

Related to aging- more common in women (due to low estrogen after menopause)

-bone mass decreasses, bones fracte more easily

-Espeically affected: bodies of vertabrae. ribs, prximal femur, humeru, distal radius 

Osteoporosis

prevention and risk factors 

prevention:

(even at earlier ages)

plenty of calcium in diet

Weight-bearing exercise

 Risk Factors:

Heredity

Caucasian

smoking

Think

Sedentary lifestyle 

Rickets (vitamin D deficiency in children)

-can't absorb calium and phophate from diet

-Epiphyseal catilage in made, but not clacified

-bones are soft

Legs bow due to weight 

Vitamin deficiency in adults

--> demineralization of bone, expecially pelvis, lower extremities, vertabrae

- can also --> bowing of legs

in women, can be caused by poor diet, lots of pregnancies, not enough exposure to sun for vitamin D prduction in skin. 

Increased bone remodeling

-increase osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity

unknown cause

Bones thicken and soften irregularly

Skull, pelvis, extremeities affected most

 Mostly occues after age 50

-Refers to any bone infection

Most common organism in staphylococcus

How?

Penetrating wound (via skin)

Fracture

Through blood

Sinus infection

Tooth abcess 

Fractures

Partial

Complete 

closed 

open

Partial=bone does not break all the way across

Complete=break goes completely across bone

Closed=boned does not break through skin

Open= bone DOES break through skin

Narrow slit between adjacent partsof bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass.

example : Superior orbital fissue of the sphenoid bone  

Opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass.

example: Optic foramen of the sphenoid bone 

Shallow depression

example: Coronoid fossa of the humerus 

Furrow along a  bone surface that accommodates a blood vessel, nerve, or tendon.

example:

intertubercular sulcus or the humerus 

Tubelike  Opening

Example

External auditory meatus of the temporal bone 

Skull

Vertebrae

Ribs

Sternum

Hyoid Bone

Auditory Ossicles