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| Renaissance began in cities of Northern Italy |
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| Columbus began European exploration of the "New World" |
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| Luther began the Protestant Reformation |
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| High Renaissance at its peak in Italy |
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| Power shifted from Mediterranean to Atlantic countries |
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| England defeated Philip II's Spanish Armada |
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| Galileo and other astronomers challenged geocentric worldview. |
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| English Civil War: Cromwell's Puritans defeated the Stuarts |
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| Treaty of Westphalia ended the 30 Years' War |
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| Scientific Revolution: Newton and Locke found "natural laws" |
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| Glorious Revolution created England's constitutional monarchy |
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| Enlightment "philosophes" spread modern ideas |
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| Absolute monarchy symbolized by Louis IIV at Versailles |
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| Power shifted to England after the treaty of Utrecht |
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| Frederick the Great attacked Austria |
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| French Revolution began with the attack on the Bastille |
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| Robespierre led the Reign of Terror in France |
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| Congress of Vienna followed the defeat of Napoleon |
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| Industrial Revolution began in England |
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| Karl Marx argued for socialism as revolutions swept Europe |
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| Czar Alexander II freed the Russian serfs |
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| Nationalism: Italy and Germany unified into modern nations |
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| British Empire dominated the age of imperialism |
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| Czar Nicholas II forced to set up the Duma |
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| World War I: the old manarchies swept away |
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| Russian Revolution wond by Lenin's Bolsheviks |
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| Treaty of Versailles ended WWI and helped cause WWII |
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| Great Depression weakened democracies and promoted dictators |
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| World War II destroyed Europe and let Russia expand |
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| Cold War: U.S. and Russia struggled to dominate world power |
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| Prague Spring: Czech effort to throw off communism crushed |
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| Solidarity Movement in Poland overthrew communism |
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| Maastricht Treaty created European Union |
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