Term
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Definition
Outer layer of adrenal cortex
Hormone synthesis and secretion of:
1) Aldosterone
2) Corticosterone
Does NOT atrophy after hypophysectomy (d/t to stimulation by angiotension II) - Aldosterone secretion stays the same |
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Term
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Definition
Middle, biggest layer of adrenal cortex
Hormone synthesis and secretion of:
1) Cortisol
2) Corticosterone
3) Some sex hormones |
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Term
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Definition
Inner layer of adrenal cortex
Hormone synthesis and secretion of:
1) Cortisol
2) Corticosterone
3) Most sex hormones |
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Term
Three kinds of steroid hormones
Which does the adrenal cortex primarily secrete? |
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Definition
C21, C19 and C18 steroids
Adrenal cortex primarily secretes C21 and C19 steroids |
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Term
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Definition
Mineralocorticoids - Effects of Na+ and K+ excretion predominate
Glucocorticoids - Effects on glucose and protein metabolism predominate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
T/f: Adrenocortical cells do not store large quantities of hormone |
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Definition
True
-Adrenocortical cells secrete hormones as soon as they are made
-Store esterified cholesterol |
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Term
T/F: Adrenocortical cells have cellular morphology similar to other steroid-secreting cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Most cholesterol is taken up from (HDL or LDL) in circulation via abundant receptors in adrenocortical cells |
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Definition
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Term
Hydrolysis of free cholesterol is regulated by which mechanism? |
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Definition
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Term
Cholesterol Desmolase (P450) |
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Definition
Converts cholesterol to pregnenolone |
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Term
Mineralocorticoid secretion |
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Definition
Aldosterone
Desoxycorticosterone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Dehydroepiandrosterone
DHEA |
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Term
Increased ACTH secretion caused by diminished adrenocorticoid negative feedback |
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Definition
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Term
What is adrenal hyperplasia caused by? |
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Definition
Enzyme deficiencies due to mutations |
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Term
Fatal in utero
Prevents placenta from making progesterone
Causes Spontaneous abortion |
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Definition
Cholesterol desmolase deficiency |
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Term
Essential for adrenal and gonad (but not placenta) for movement of cholesterol into mitochondria for desmolase step |
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Definition
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Term
DHEA increased resulting in ambiguous genitalia
Increased androgens and decreased glucocorticoids |
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Definition
3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency |
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Term
No sex hormones
Elevated mineralocorticoids
Cortisol deficiency ` |
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Definition
17-beta-hydroxylase deficiency |
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Term
Common, causes viralization (female pseudohermaphroditism) |
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Definition
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Term
Treatment of virilizing forms of congenital hyperplasia |
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Definition
Exogenous glucocorticoids
-Repairs glucocorticoid deficit
-Provides negative feedback which inhibits ACTH |
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Term
Most cortisol and corticosterone are bound to _______ in blood |
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Definition
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Term
CBG is synthesized in _____ |
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Definition
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Term
CBG rates are higher/lower during pregnancy? |
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Definition
Higher, Production rate increased by estrogen |
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Term
CBG production rate increased/decreased by liver disease? |
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Definition
Decreased
-CBF level falls, free hormone increases which increases negative feedback
Less ACTH secreted and free hormone drops to normal concentration |
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Term
Principal site of glucocorticoid catabolism |
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Definition
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Term
Has enzymes of glucuronyl transferase system |
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Definition
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Term
11-B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase |
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Definition
Enzyme in liver and other tissues that produces cortisone |
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Term
Type 1 11-B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase |
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Definition
Reduces corticosterone to cortisol |
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Term
Type 2 11-B-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase |
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Definition
Cortisol to cortisone
Not reverse |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Glucocorticoid mechanism of action |
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Definition
Increase transcription of particular genes |
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Term
Effects of glucocorticoids on intermediary metabolism |
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Definition
1. Diabetogenic (increased BG)
2. Insulin resistance (decreased glucose tolerance)
3. Hyperglycermia
4. Permissive for increase gluconeogenesis due to glucagon & catecholamines
5. Permissive for peripheral protein mobilization
6. Increased protein catabolism (muscle, peripheral)
7. Increase gluconeogenesis
8. Increase glycogenesis
9. Increased ketosis
10. Decreased lipogenesis
11. Decreased peripheral glucose utilization
12. Carbohydrate metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
1. Gluconeogenesis effect of glucagon
2. Calorigenic effect of glucagon, catecholamines
3. Lipolysis, free fatty acid mobilization by catecholamines
4. Vasoconstriction (pressor effects) due to catecholamines
5. Bronchodilation due to catecholamines |
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Term
How does glucocorticoid deficiency effect muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
Effects of glucocorticoid deficiency of nervous system |
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Definition
1. Slowing of EEG waves
2. Personality changes
3. Increased sensitivity to olfactory and gustatory stimuli
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Term
Effects of glucocorticoid deficiency on GI system |
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Definition
1. Increased secretion of gastric HCl and Pepsin
2. Increase intestinal absorption of fat into lymph |
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Term
Effects of glucocorticoid deficiency on water mtabolism |
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Definition
1. Glucocorticoid deficiency causes inability to excrete a water load
2. Retention of water in excess of Na+ retention
3. Glucocorticoid treatment |
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Term
Effects of glucocorticoid deficiency on blood cells and lymphatic organs
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Definition
1. Decreased eosinophils in circulation
2. Decreased basophils
3. Decreased lymphocytes
4. Increased neutrophils
5. Increased platelets
6. Increased RBC
7. Decreased size of thymus, lymph nodes, spleen due to inhibition of mitosis
8. Anti-inflammatory effects at high levels (such as stress or cushings syndrome)
9. Can be dangerous because it allows bacteria to spread |
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Term
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Definition
1. Requires increased ACTH and increased glucocorticoids that normally accompany stress
2. Exerts partly permissive action on vascular reactivity to catecholamines
3. Permissive for catacholamine mobilization of free fatty acids as emergency energy supply
4. Can withstand some stress after sympathectomy
5. Tepperman scheme for stress response - Possibly to mobilize amino acids and energy for wound repair
6. Stress increases plasma glucocorticoids to "pharmacologic" levels that in short run are life saving but in long run are harmful and disruptive
Other effects:
1. Decrease GH secretion
2. Induce PNMT
3. Decrease TSH secretion
4. Accelerate surfactant production by lung in fetus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Mutation of G-alpha that decreases GTPase activity, resulting in enhanced effect of ACTH |
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Definition
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Term
Non-endocrine tumors secreting a CRH-like or ACTH-like factor |
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Definition
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Term
Symptoms and effects of Cushings syndrome |
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Definition
1. Hyperglycemia
2. Increase lipogenesis
3. Peptic ulcers
4. Thin skin and subcutaneous tissues, poorly developed muscles and muscle weakness, poor wound healing
5. Nervous system effects - Increased EEG rhythms, mental aberrations, increased appetite, weight gain, insomnia, euphoria, psychoses
6. Suppressed immune system
7. Increased facial hair and acne
8. Hypertension |
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Term
1) Fatigue and weakness
2) Weight gain and obesity
3. Changed appearance
4) Amenorrhea or irregularity
5) Bruising
6) Nervousness, depression, irritability
7) Back pain and bone pain
8)Hirsutism
9) Headache
10) Ankle and hand edema
11) Libido in female, impotence in male
12) Paresthesias
13) Lower voice
14) Blurred vision
15) Poor wound healing and leg ulcers
16) Cessation of growth
17) Difficulty Walking
18) General aching and malaise |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) Fatal due to hypotension and hypovolemic shock
2) Inability to cope with even minor noxious stimuli
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Term
Effects of addison's disease |
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Definition
Adrenal insufficiency - Incomplete loss of adrenal cortex
Addisonian crisis - Minor stress is emergency
Decreased size of heart secondary to chronic hypotension
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Term
Causes of Addison's disease |
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Definition
Adrenocortical atrophy: 1) Autoimmune disease
2) Cancer
3) Tuberculosis
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Term
1. Low renin
2. Aldosterone low but glucocorticoids normal |
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Definition
Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism |
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Term
1. Resistance to aldosterone action
2. Marked hyperkalemia
3. Salt wasting
4. Hypotension
5. May develop metabolic acidosis |
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Definition
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Term
1. Circadian rhythm
2. Response to stress
3. Glucocorticoid feedback |
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Definition
Regulation of ACTH Secretion |
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