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Source of salt, chert, cottonm marine resources, deer, stingless bee
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| source of copan resin (pom incense), chocolate, jungle cat pelts, bird plumage |
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| Sources of volcanic stone such as basalt, obsidian and jade |
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| Located in Belieze and was evidence that the Archaic Maya were hunter-gathers that took particular advantage of freshwater resources along rivers |
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| 1500-800 BC, evidence of permanent villages and pottery production |
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| built with cane and thatch where commoners lived |
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| special deposits under houses, temples and stelae, used to animate or extinguish life of a building |
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| 2 tiers Cuello, K'axob, Barton Ramie, Cahal Pech, Blackman Eddy |
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3 tiers, Nakbe (middle formative, 800-400 BC)
El Mirador (late formative, 400-200 AD) |
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| some men receive special mortuary treatment, indicative of their high status, infants buried with artifacts |
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Mirador Basin
100 acres
20-25 ft. tall pyramid platforms 600-400BC
Intra-site causeways, as well as inter-site roads
E-group: Architectural observatory |
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peaked in power
Includes El Tigre, largest pyramid ever built in Maya area
stela in front of stairways
mask flanking stairs
two-room temples on pyramids |
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Definition
Preceeded by the zapotec and isthmian writing systems in Mesoamerica
commissioned by Maya rulers to record names ane events for propaganda |
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| combined the sacred 260-day calendar with the secular 365 day calendar |
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provides exact dates by listing how many units of time to count forward from the base date of:
3114 BC |
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shift from 3 to 4 levels of hierarchy
palaces, 2-room temples, full time priests
Inter-site roads to subordinate areas
consolidation: allies, loyal followers
Record of dynastic founders
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Gains power and population of El Mirador loses clout, Calakmul peaks from 500-695 AD
AD 561: Calakmul Allied with Caracol to beat Tikal
AD 579: Calakmul subjugates palenque
AD 636-686: Fifty year reign of Yuknoom Che'en
Subjugated Dos Pilas and Tikal |
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Term
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Definition
Co-eval with Calakmul, but peaked later
Became state early on: palace in 360 AD
After 100 years under Kalakmul, no stelae erected
Tikal capture Calakmul ruler in AD 695 BOOM
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Term
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Copan and Dos Pilas
arose when chiefdoms joined forces |
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founder named Kuk'mo (hyroglyphs on tomb)
Royal naming ceremony, outsider with military prowess chose to be a leader
Bone chemistry reveal he was from Tikal
Commissioned monuments, texts, marriages, and new territory.
Also the Quiriqa |
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Later rulers traced descent to dynastic founders
located at Copan |
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AD 629: prince from Tikal arrived, lending royalty
AD 648: Dos Pilas became a satellite of Calakmul
AD 672: Attacked by Tikal
Dos Pilas allied with Calakmul so that their leader could regain the throne |
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Term
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standardized, formal religious contexts
sanctified political action |
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attributing life to inanimate objects
Ih (vital force) Kuh (sacredness/holiness)
Communication with ancestors and supernatural
Establishing reciprocity
Metamorphosis and apotheosis |
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Definition
| high priests, priests, interpreters, sacrificer, lightning impersonators and diviners |
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| Prominent Religious Areas |
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Definition
| caves, tombs, temples, open-air sites (no archaeological proof) |
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| Connections with Central Mexico |
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Definition
Kaminaljuyu and Tikal
We found pottery that was made in Teotihuacan
Peubla pottery called thin orange pottery
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| Central Mexico Architecture |
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Definition
Talude-Tablero that imitares Teotihuacan styles
non-local Mayan materials were the results of assemblies for feasts or funerals accumulated through trade |
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| Teotihuacano imagery uses |
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Definition
Identification to legitimize rulership
Not one way interactions, there was a barrio of Mayans at Teotihuacan |
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Bewteen AD 600-1000
dynasties and institution of divine kingsfhip fell
Political systems became too complicated
sub-lords at secondary centers fought to be free from state capitals and their lords
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| able to maintain a powerful policital force because of extensive trade networks. Persisted until Spanish conquest |
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administered by joint rule called Mul Tepal
decisions could still be made if a ruler was captured, and sub-lords were less likely to revolt when they had to work together
strong trade networks to Cozumel and Isla Cerritos |
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Term
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Smaller than Chichen Itza, administered a state that unified the entire Peninsula
Included 16 provinces, or cuchcabalob
The Joint rule collapsed in AD 1441 |
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