Term
What are the five dilatation of the primitive heart tube and what do they form? |
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Definition
1. Truncus arteriosus - aorta & pulmonary trunk 2. Bulbus cordis - aortic vestibule & conus arteriosus 3. Primitive ventricle - trabeculated ventricle 4. Primitive atrium - trabeculated atrium 5. Sinus venosus - sinus venarum & coronary sinus |
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Term
About when does dextral looping of the heart occur? |
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Definition
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Term
What ridges form the AP septum? |
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Definition
-Truncal and bulbar ridges which are derived from neural crest cells. |
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Term
Persistant truncus arteriosus? |
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Definition
-AP septum doesn't form -Causes marked cyanosis |
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Term
D-transposition of great arteries? |
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Definition
-AP septum doesn't spiral -Systemic and pulmonary flow are completely separate -Incompatible with life unless there is an accompanying shunt |
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Term
L-transposition of great arteries? |
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Definition
-No spiral of AP septum, but now the ventricles are reversed as well to compensate |
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Term
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Definition
-AV septum gets pushed towards pulmonary side Causes; 1. Pulmonary stenosis (too small) 2. Overriding aorta (too big) 3. VSD (doesn't meed muscular septum) 4. Right Ventricular hypertrophy (bodies compensation for pulmonary stenosis; i.e. not a malformation)
-Results in R->L shunt and cyanosis |
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Term
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Definition
-When L->R shunting eventually causes pulmonary hypertension and reversal to R->L (cyanotic) shunting -Common in ASDs such as the primum and secundum types |
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Term
Secundum vs. primum type ASD |
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Definition
-Secundum ASD is from over-apoptosis of the septum primum to form the foramen secundum. -Primum results from neural crest migration error (in endocardial cushion). Common in down syndrome |
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Term
What two cushions form the AV septum? |
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Definition
-Dorsal and Ventral AV cushions |
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Term
Persistent common AV canal? |
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Definition
-Dorsal and ventral AV cushions never fuse -Causes there to be one big AV valve in the middle instead of the separate mitral and tricuspids. -Results in L->R shunting and enlarged left atrium |
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Term
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Definition
-Caused by malformation of posterior and septal cusps where they are displaced inferiorly -Results from them not joining properly with the annulus fibrosus (part of cardiac skeleton) -Results in a smaller right ventricle and pulmonary output -Often associated with ASDs. |
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Term
Tricuspid atresia and associated problems? |
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Definition
-No tricuspid forms because of an AV septum defect and blood can't get to the right ventricle -Accompanied by; 1. VSD 2. Patent foramen ovale 3. Overdeveloped left ventricle 4. Underdeveloped right ventricle |
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Term
What three structures form the membranous IV septum? |
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Definition
1. Right bulbar ridge 2. Left bulbar ridge (both part of the the AP septum) 3. AV cushions |
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Term
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Definition
- Initially causes L->R, but then Eisenmenger's complex takes place. |
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Term
Coronary arteries from from? |
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Definition
-Progenitor stem cells from the liver that become the peritruncal capillary ring and later the coronary aa. |
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Term
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Definition
-The right dorsal aorta doesn't regress so you end up with sort of two descending aorta that make a heart shape around the esophagus and trachea -can cause problems in swallowing and breathing |
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Term
Patent ductus arteriosus implications, diagnosis and treatment? |
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Definition
-Causes L->R shunt -Can hear a machine-like continuous murmur -Can treat with indomethacin; a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor -Common in premees and mothers with rubella |
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Term
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Definition
-Constriction of the aorta just distal to the ductus -Causes an asymmetry of blood pressure -Prostaglandin treatment won't really help in this case but may in preductal coarctation (less common) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Maxillary 2. Stapedial 3. Common and internal carotids 4. R subclavian & L arch of aorta 5. (Regresses) 6. Pulmonary & ductus arteriosus |
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Term
What day for implantation? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the parts that make up the diaphragm and which is most susceptible to congenital hernias? |
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Definition
-Two pleuroperitoneal folds and a septum transversum (also some ingrowth from the body wall) -The left fold closes last and is most susceptible to hernias |
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Term
How do you diagnose congenital diaphragmatic hernias, what do they cause, and where are they most common? |
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Definition
-Abdomen will be flat in supine position -Will cause pulmonary hypoplasia -Usually from left pleuroperitoneal fold error (i.e. left posterlateral side) |
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Term
Eventration of the diaphragm? |
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Definition
-Lack of muscular development allows viscera to push up into thorax, but not enter the cavity. -Similar symptoms to CDHs |
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Term
Which AAs cant cross the placenta? |
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Definition
-The acidic ones (Glu & Asp) -Neutral straight chains go slow but can get there (Ala & Gly) |
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Term
What happens overall with the placetal production of hormones? |
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Definition
-HCG is produced in high amounts from about week 4 to week 15 (maintains corpus luteum), and then progesterone and estrogen are produced (corpus luteum function replaced) |
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Term
Who's more acidic, fetus or mother? |
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Definition
-Mother; lowers O2 affinity in mother. |
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Term
Velamentous cord insertion |
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Definition
-When the umbilical cord inserts into the membrane instead of the baby leaving the vessels vulnerable to rupture |
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Term
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Definition
- When the umbilical cord attaches at the margin of the placenta -Asymptomatic and rare |
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Term
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Definition
-Abnormally deep attachment into myometrium of the uterus -When it's really deep it's called placenta percreta? |
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Term
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Definition
-Low implantation leading to vascularization complications. |
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Term
Placental abruption and common cause? |
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Definition
-Premature separation of placenta from uterine wall -Fairly common and kills the fetus about a third of the time -More common with hypertensive mothers |
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Term
When does twinning give siamese twins? What about other twinning? |
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Definition
-If it occurs around week 2 -Day 9 twinning will result in only one amnion -Day 4 will give two amnion -Earlier will give two amnions and chorions |
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Term
Tracheoesophageal fistulas and esophageal atresia; most common arrangement, and what is the basis? |
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Definition
-Joint atresia and fistula (inferior) is most common. -Caused because the trachea-esophageal septum doesn't form correctly; usually because the folds don't meet |
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Term
Lung branching mechanism? |
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Definition
-Shh produced at apex of growing bud (endoderm) inhibits FGF10 action (produced in overlying splanchnic mesoderm) induces bifurcation |
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Term
Surfactant production, stimulation, and timing? |
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Definition
-It is produced by Type II pneumocytes -Growth of these cells can be stimulated by corticosteroid treatment of mother or baby -Can also use thyroxine -Surfactant is normally produced in high amounts during the last two weeks of gestation (this is the main reason for INFANT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME in premees) |
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Term
Type I vs type II pneumocytes? |
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Definition
-Type I are squamous epithelial -Type II are cuboidal and produce surfactant |
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Term
Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid |
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Definition
-Fluid filled mass of abnormal lung tissue from pulmonary malformation -Usually resolves on its own but is fatal 10% of the time |
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Term
Meconium aspiration syndrome? |
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Definition
-Meconium is fetal feces that can get in lungs if inhaled and cause issues -Risks are hypertension, smoking, low amniotic fluid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Tip of heart points to right. -From improper folding |
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Term
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Definition
-Hypoplastic left heart syndrome -Mostly missing the left ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
-abdominal wall defect where organs are outside |
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Term
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Definition
-Another name for infant respiratory distress syndrome. -Usually from no surfactant from type II pneumocytes |
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